影響資訊服務產品開發人員應用開放政府資料經驗之因素探討

Factors Influencing Practitioners' Experience of Utilizing Open Government Data

10.6182/jlis.202312_21(2).119

鄭惟中(Wei-Chung Cheng)；邱銘心(Ming-Hsin Phoebe Chiu)

開放政府資料 ； 開發人員 ； 使用經驗 ； 質性分析 ； Open Government Data ； Practitioner ； Use Experience ； Qualitative Analysis

圖書資訊學刊

21卷2期（2023 / 12 / 01）

119 - 151

繁體中文;英文

自開放政府思潮興起，各國積極推動開放政府資料的加值應用，透過開發人員參與，能讓此類資料轉化為大眾可便利使用的資訊產品，落實開放政府資料精神。本研究以35位具有應用開放政府資料、開發資訊服務產品經驗的人員為對象，藉半結構式訪談法蒐集其應用此類資料的經驗，並參考紮根理論研究法精神進行質性文本分析。研究結果顯示，開發人員應用開放政府資料的經驗受到資料品質、服務品質、產品品質、經驗品質及回饋品質等不同因素，及其下15項指標影響。本文以開放政府資料加值應用生態圈的觀點為論述背景，研究結果不僅呈現資料應用者觀點下的開放政府資料環境良窳，亦有助於公部門採取具體策略及行動，吸引更多開發人員加入此加值應用的行列。

Open government data (OGD) has been discussed globally for its value in improving the government's service quality and transparency. However, most OGD must be utilized by the practitioners in their projects so that the public can benefit from the outcomes and realize the philosophy of OGD. This study investigated 35 practitioners' experiences utilizing OGD with semi-structured interviews and analyzed transcripts via a qualitative approach based on grounded theory. The results present five factors that influence practitioners' experiences: data quality, service quality, product quality, experience quality, and feedback quality; moreover, 15 indicators among the above factors were identified. In conclusion, practitioners play a crucial role in turning OGD into valuable products to engage the public in the OGD ecosystem and expand the value of such data. This paper gives specific recommendations to the government to improve the OGD environment from a practical perspective and demonstrates the meanings of practitioners' contributions to the OGD movement.

1. 王乙涵（2018）。以全民健保資料庫探討臺灣高齡人口第二型糖尿病現況[未出版之碩士論文]。國立政治大學風險管理與保險學系。【Wang, I-Han (2018). Using National Health Insurance Database to explore type II diabetes situation of Taiwan’s elderly [Unpublished master’ s thesis]. Department of Risk Management and Insurance, National Chengchi University. (in Chinese)】
   連結：
2. 宋餘俠、李國田（2012）。政府部門資料加值推動策略與挑戰。研考雙月刊，36(4)，10-21。http://doi.org/10.6978/YKSYK.201208.0010【[Song, Yu-Xia], & [Li, Guo-Tian] (2012). [Zheng fu bu men zi liao jia zhi tui dong ce lüe yu tiao zhan]. [Yan Kao Shuang Yue Kan], 36(4), 10-21. http://doi.org/10.6978/YKSYK.201208.0010 (in Chinese)】
   連結：
3. 李坤清、王厚升（2015）。影響軟體人員開發行為之反模式探討。台灣管理學刊，15(1)，77-101。http://doi.org/10.6295/TAMJ.2015.1501.04【Lee, Kuen-Ching, & Wang, Hou-Sheng (2015). A study of anti-patterns that affects software developers’ behaviors. Taiwan Academy of Management Journal, 15(1), 77-101. http://doi.org/10.6295/TAMJ.2015.1501.04 (in Chinese)】
   連結：
4. 林姸希、史孟蓉（2016）。運用政府開放資料發展交通便民服務之探討。電工通訊季刊，2016(2)，1-6。http://doi.org/10.6328/CIEE.2016.2.01【[Lin, Yan-Xi], & [Shi, Meng-Rong] (2016). [Yun yong zheng fu kai fang zi liao fa zhan jiao tong bian min fu wu zhi tan tao]. [Dian Gong Tong Xun Ji Kan], 2016(2), 1-6. http://doi.org/10.6328/CIEE.2016.2.01 (in Chinese)】
   連結：
5. 梁裕勛（2019）。政府開放資料之擷取、分析與融合以建置智慧化API服務[未出版之碩士論文]。國立暨南國際大學資訊工程學系。【Liang, Yu-Syun (2019). Government open data extraction, analysis and fusion for building intelligent API services [Unpublished master’ s thesis]. Department of Computer Science & Information Engineering, National Chi Nan University. (in Chinese)】
   連結：
6. 陳育群、李偉強（2016）。醫療大數據：健保資料庫之臨床應用與研究。台灣醫學，20(6)，602-608。http://doi.org/10.6320/FJM.2016.20(6).6【Chen, Yu-Chun, & Lee, Wui-Chiang (2016). Examples of data analysis and application using Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Database in healthcare. Formosan Journal of Medicine, 20(6), 602-608. http://doi.org/10.6320/FJM.2016.20(6).6 (in Chinese)】
   連結：
7. 陳宜檉、蕭雅文、林怡倩（2017）。旅遊社群網站網路口碑信任對旅遊商品購買意願影響之研究：延伸科技接受模式的理論觀點。觀光與休閒管理期刊，5(1)，28-41。http://doi.org/10.6510/JTLM.5(1).03【Chen, Yi-Cheng, Xiao, Ya-Wen, & Lin, Yi-Chien (2017). The impact of trust of eWOM on consumer purchase intentions towards tour products of travel social networks: An extended perspective of Technology Acceptance Model. Journal of Tourism and Leisure Management, 5(1), 28-41. http://doi.org/10.6510/JTLM.5(1).03 (in Chinese)】
   連結：
8. 楊東謀、吳怡融（2019）。台灣政府開放資料推行之近況調查與探討。教育資料與圖書館學，56(1)，7-44。http://doi.org/10.6120/JoEMLS.201903_56(1).0041.RS.BM【Yang, Tung-Mou, & Wu, Yi-Jung (2019). The maturity assessment of the recent open data development in the context of Taiwan e-government. Journal of Educational Media & Library Sciences, 56(1), 7-44. http://doi.org/10.6120/JoEMLS.201903_56(1).0041.RS.BM (in Chinese)】
   連結：
9. 歐俐伶、楊東謀（2016）。台灣政府開放資料之詮釋資料建置探討。教育資料與圖書館學，53(1)，63-102。http://doi.org/10.6120/JoEMLS.2016.531/0043.RS.AM【Ou, Li-Ling, & Yang, Tung-Mou (2016). The construction of metadata for open government data in Taiwan. Journal of Educational Media & Library Sciences, 53(1), 63-102. http://doi.org/10.6120/JoEMLS.2016.531/0043.RS.AM (in Chinese)】
   連結：
10. 蕭景燈（2012）。資料開放發展現況與展望。研考雙月刊，36(4)，22-38。http://doi.org/10.6978/YKSYK.201208.0022【[Xiao, Jing-Deng] (2012). [Zi liao kai fang fa zhan xian kuang yu zhan wang]. [Yan Kao Shuang Yue Kan], 36(4), 22-38. http://doi.org/10.6978/YKSYK.201208.0022 (in Chinese)】
    連結：
11. Adolph, S., Hall, W., & Kruchten, P. (2011). Using grounded theory to study the experience of software development. Empirical Software Engineering, 16(4), 487-513. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-010-9152-6
    連結：
12. Arispe, M. C. A., Jaucian, R. B., Platon, A. B., Relucio, F. S., & Saminiano, B. L. (2020). Developing an electrical outlet using internet of things (IoT). International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering, 9(1.3), 280-286. https://doi.org/10.30534/ijatcse/2020/4291.32020
    連結：
13. Bandura, A. (2010). Self‐efficacy. In Irving B. Weiner & W. Edward Craighead (Eds.), The Corsini encyclopedia of psychology. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0836
    連結：
14. Barns, S. (2018). Smart cities and urban data platforms: Designing interfaces for smart governance. City, Culture and Society, 12, 5-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2017.09.006
    連結：
15. Byström, K., & Järvelin, K. (1995). Task complexity affects information seeking and use. Information Processing & Management, 31(2), 191-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4573(95)80035-R
    連結：
16. Dawes, S. S., Vidiasova, L., & Parkhimovich, O. (2016). Planning and designing open government data programs: An ecosystem approach. Government Information Quarterly, 33(1), 15-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2016.01.003
    連結：
17. Flora, H. K., Wang, X., & Chande, S. V. (2014). An investigation into mobile application development processes: Challenges and best practices. International Journal of Modern Education and Computer Science, 6(6), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.5815/ijmecs.2014.06.01
    連結：
18. Gurstein, M. B. (2011). Open data: Empowering the empowered or effective data use for everyone? https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/3316/2764
    連結：
19. Janssen, M., Charalabidis, Y., & Zuiderwijk, A. (2012). Benefits, adoption barriers and myths of open data and open government. Information Systems Management, 29(4), 258-268. https://doi.org/10.1080/10580530.2012.716740
    連結：
20. Johanssen, J. O., Kleebaum, A., Bruegge, B., & Paech, B. (2019). How do practitioners capture and utilize user feedback during continuous software engineering? In D. Damian, A. Perini, & S.-W. Lee (Eds.), 2019 IEEE 27th International Requirements Engineering Conference (pp.153-164). IEEE. https://doi.org/ 10.1109/RE.2019.00026
    連結：
21. Johnson, P., & Robinson, P. (2014). Civic hackathons: Innovation, procurement, or civic engagement? Review of Policy Research, 31(4), 349-357. https://doi.org/10.1111/ropr.12074
    連結：
22. Lew, P., Olsina, L., & Zhang, L. (2010). Quality, quality in use, actual usability and user experience as key drivers for web application evaluation. In B. Benatallah, F. Casati, G. Kappel, & G. Rossi (Eds.), Lecture Notes in Computer Science: Vol. 6189. International Conference on Web Engineering 2010 (pp. 218-232). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13911-6_15
    連結：
23. Magalhaes, G., & Roseira, C. (2020). Open government data and the private sector: An empirical view on business models and value creation. Government Information Quarterly, 37(3), Article 101248. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2017.08.004
    連結：
24. Martin, E. G., Law, J., Ran, W., Helbig, N., & Birkhead, G. (2017). Evaluating the quality and usability of open data for public health research: A systematic review of data offerings on 3 open data platforms. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 23(4), e5-e13. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000000388
    連結：
25. McBride, K., Aavik, G., Toots, M., Kalvet, T., & Krimmer, R. (2019). How does open government data driven co-creation occur? Six factors and a ‘perfect storm’; insights from Chicago’s food inspection forecasting model. Government Information Quarterly, 36(1), 88-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2018.11.006
    連結：
26. Mergel, I., & Desouza, K. C. (2013). Implementing open innovation in the public sector: The case of Challenge.gov. Public Administration Review, 73(6), 882-890. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12141
    連結：
27. Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A., & Berry, L. L. (1985). A conceptual model of service quality and its implications for future research. Journal of Marketing, 49(4), 41-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/1251430
    連結：
28. Pereira, G. V., Parycek, P., Falco, E., & Kleinhans, R. (2018). Smart governance in the context of smart cities: A literature review. Information Polity, 23(2), 143-162. https://doi.org/10.3233/IP-170067
    連結：
29. Wijnhoven, F., Ehrenhard, M., & Kuhn, J. (2015). Open government objectives and participation motivations. Government Information Quarterly, 32(1), 30-42. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2014.10.002
    連結：
30. Wu, C.H., Kao, S.-C., Shih, C.-H., & Kan, M.-H. (2018). Open data mining for Taiwan’s dengue epidemic. Acta Tropica, 183, 1-7. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.03.017
    連結：
31. Yang, B., Liu, Y., Liang, Y., & Tang, M. (2019). Exploiting user experience from online customer reviews for product design. International Journal of Information Management, 46, 173-186. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.12.006
    連結：
32. Yoon, A., & Kim, Y. (2020). The role of data-reuse experience in biological scientists’ data sharing: An empirical analysis. The Electronic Library, 38(1), 186-208. http://doi.org/10.1108/EL-06-2019-0146
    連結：
33. 王文科（2001）。教育研究法（第六版）。五南。【[Wang, Wen-Ke] (2001). [Jiao Yu Yan Jiu Fa](6th ed.). Wu-Nan. (in Chinese)】
34. 周立生、林郁雯、沈哲緯、鄭錦桐、江陽聖、蔡世賢（2019）。政府防災公開資料與產業跨域整合應用初探－以天災保險為例。中興工程，142，21-30。【[Zhou, Li-Sheng], [Lin, Yu-Wen], [Chen, Zhe-Wei], [Zheng, Jin-Tong], [Jiang, Yang-Sheng], & [Cai, Shi-Xian] (2019). [Zheng fu fang zai gong kai zi liao yu chan ye kua yu zheng he ying yong chu tan: Yi tian zai bao xian wei li]. Sinotech Engineering, 142, 21-30. (in Chinese)】
35. 邱伊翎（2017年1月11日）。台灣開放資料全球第一，但是台灣政府到底開放了什麼資料？科技報橘。https://buzzorange.com/techorange/2017/01/11/ogp16/【[Qiu, Yi-Ling] (2017, January 11). [Taiwan kai fang zi liao quan qiu di yi, dan shi Taiwan zheng fu dao di kai fang liao shen me zi liao?] TechOrange. https://buzzorange.com/techorange/2017/01/11/ogp16/ (in Chinese)】
36. 胡幼慧、姚美華（2008）。一些質性方法上的思考：信度與效度？如何抽樣？如何收集資料、登錄與分析？在胡幼慧（主編），質性研究：理論、方法及本土女性研究實例（頁117-132）。巨流。【[Hu, You-Hui], & [Yao, Mei-Hua] (2008). [Yi xie zhi xing fang fa shang de si kao: Xin du yu xiao du? Ru he chou yang? Ru he shou ji zi liao, deng lu yu fen xi?] In [You-Hui Hu] (Ed.), [Zhi xing yan jiu: Li lun fang fa ji ben tu nü xing yan jiu shi li] (pp. 117-132). Chuliu. (in Chinese)】
37. 倪靖（2017）。串連交通事故資料庫與健保資料庫探討事故受傷嚴重性之影響因素[未出版之碩士論文]。淡江大學運輸管理學系。【Ni, Ching (2017). Data linkage of traffic crash datasets and hospital datasets for investigating influential factors affecting injury severity [Unpublished master’ s thesis]. Department of Transportation Management, Tankang University. (in Chinese)】
38. 曾柏瑜、李梅君（2017）。開放政府觀察報告：2014-2016。開放文化基金會。https://opengovreport.ocf.tw/report/【Tseng, Po-Yu, & Lee, Mei-Chun (2017). Taiwan open government report: 2014-2016. The Open Culture Foundation. https://opengovreport.ocf.tw/report/ (in Chinese)】
39. 國家發展委員會（2018）。107年個人家戶數位機會調查報告。http://bit.ly/107investigation【National Development Council. (2018). [107 nian ge ren jia hu shu wei ji hui diao cha bao gao]. http://bit.ly/107investigation (in Chinese)】
40. 許哲銘（2022）。我國高應用價值資料（high value data）規範之建議。科技法律透析，34(3)，51-71。【[Xu, Zhe Ming] (2022). Suggestion on regulations of Taiwan’s “high value data＂. Science & Technology Law Review, 34(3), 61-71. (in Chinese)】
41. 陳伯安（2019年1月16日）。從 Redhat到GitHub，開源軟體為什麼開始火了？科技報橘。https://buzzorange.com/techorange/2019/01/16/open-sources-rule/【[Chen, Bo-An]. (2019, January 16). [Cong Redhat dao GitHub, kai yuan ruan ti wei shen me kai shi huo le?] TechOrange. https://buzzorange.com/techorange/2019/01/16/open-sources-rule/ (in Chinese)】
42. 陳廷彥、林冠廷（2019年3月21日）。台灣如何用開放資料，爭取國際空間？零時政府專題新聞。https://g0v.news/台灣如何用開放資料-爭取國際空間-c4d82cb88066【[Chen, Ting-Yan], & [Lin, Guan-Ting] (2019, March 21). [Taiwan ru he yong kai fang zi liao, zheng qu guo ji kong jian?] g0v News. https://g0v.news/台灣如何用開放資料-爭取國際空間-c4d82cb88066 (in Chinese)】
43. 陳欽雨、張書豪、張卿儀（2013）。網路口碑、社群認同與知覺利益對網購意願之影響：以台灣區Facebook粉絲專頁為例。電子商務研究，11(4)，403-429。【Chen, Chin-Yeu, Chang, Shu-Hao, & Chang, Chin-I (2013). The effects of online word-of-mouth, community identification and perceived benefits on online purchase intentions: The case of Facebook fans page in Taiwan. Electronic Commerce Studies, 11(4), 403-429. (in Chinese)】
44. 黃心怡、蘇彩足、蕭乃沂（2016）。再探開放政府資料的政策與發展。國土及公共治理季刊，4(4)，18-28。https://www.ndc.gov.tw/Content_List.aspx?n=3DE262D8BFE60C41【[Huang, Xin-Yi], [Su, Cai-Ju], & [Xiao, Nai-Yi] (2016). [Zai tan kai fang zheng fu zi liao de zheng ce yu fa zhan]. Public Governance Quarterly, 4(4), 18-28. https://www.ndc.gov.tw/Content_List.aspx?n=3DE262D8BFE60C41 (in Chinese)】
45. 曾憲立、蕭乃沂、廖興中（2022）。政府資料開放與應用的下一哩路：我國資料交易與定價策略之探討。政治科學論叢，94，47-81。http://doi.org/10.6166/TJPS.202212_(94).0002【Tseng, Hsien-Lee, Hsiao, Naiyi, & Liao, Hsin-Chung (2022). The next stage of open government data and its applications: An exploration of data transactions and pricing in Taiwan. Political Science Review, 94, 47-81. http://doi.org/10.6166/TJPS.202212_(94).0002 (in Chinese)】
46. 楊美雪、陳家瑜、趙以寧、陳映蓉、黃郁涵、楊禮鴻（2017）。政府藝文資料的開放與加值推廣。臺中教育大學學報：人文藝術類，31(1)，23-42。http://ord221145.ntcu.edu.tw/file/be32ffd3_20181123.pdf 【Yang, Mei-Hsueh, Chen, Chia-Yu, Chao, I-Ning, Chen, Ying-Rong, Huang, Yu-Han, & Yang, Li-Hong (2017). A study of added-value and its promotion for government open data of arts and culture. Journal of National Taichung University: Humanities & Arts, 31(1), 23-42. http://ord221145.ntcu.edu.tw/file/be32ffd3_20181123.pdf (in Chinese)】
47. 經濟部工業局（2020年11月9日）。資料服務產業發展現況與後續推動作法[PowerPoint簡報]。Issuu。https://bit.ly/2Wrjp41【Industrial Development Bureau, Ministry of Economic Affairs. (2020, November 9). [Zi liao fu wu chan ye fa zhan xian kuang yu hou xu tui dong zuo fa] [PowerPoint slides]. Issuu. https://bit.ly/2Wrjp41 (in Chinese)】
48. 廖洲棚、廖興中、黃心怡（2018）。開放政府服務策略研析調查：政府資料開放應用模式評估與民眾參與公共政策意願調查（NDC-MIS-106-003）。國家發展委員會。https://www.teg.org.tw/upload/03_106_開放政府服務策略研析調查─政府資料開放應用模式評估與民眾參與公共政策意願調查.pdf【[Liao, Zhou-Peng], [Liao, Xing-Zhong], & [Huang, Xin-Yi] (2018). [Kai fang zheng fu fu wu ce lüe yan xi diao cha: Zheng fu zi liao kai fang ying yong mo shi ping gu yu min zhong can yu gong gong zheng ce yi yuan diao cha]( NDC-MIS-106-003). National Development Council. https://www.teg.org.tw/upload/03_106_開放政府服務策略研析調查─政府資料開放應用模式評估與民眾參與公共政策意願調查.pdf (in Chinese)】
49. 劉俊彥（2020年3月30日）。多留在家、勤洗手、戴口罩以外︰全球公民以科技參與防疫的例子。關鍵評論。https://www.thenewslens.com/article/133136【[Liu, Jun-Yan] (2020, March 30). [Duo liu zai jia, qin xi shou, dai kou zhao yi wai: Quan qiu gong min yi ke ji can yu fang yi de li zi]. The News Lens. https://www.thenewslens.com/article/133136 (in Chinese)】
50. 鄭伊婷（2021）。應用全民健保資料庫探討Tw-DRGs支付制度分類項目適用性[未出版之博士論文]。義守大學資訊工程學系。【Cheng, I-Ting (2021). The application of National Health Insurance Database to explore the applicability of Tw-DRGs payment system classification project [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Department of Information Engineering, I-Shou University. (in Chinese)】
51. 藍佩嘉（2015）。質性個案研究：紮根理論與延伸個案法。在瞿海源、畢恆達、劉長萱、楊國樞（主編），社會及行為科學研究法：質性研究法（頁63-96）。東華。【[Lan, Pei-Jia] (2015). [Zhi xing ge an yan jiu: Zha gen li lun yu yan shen ge an fa]. In [Hai-Yuan Qu, Heng-Da Bi, Chang-Xuan Liu, & Quo-Shu Yang (Eds.), [She hui ji xing wei ke xue yan jiu fa: Zhi xing yan jiu fa] (pp. 63-96). Tung Hua. (in Chinese)】
52. 羅晉、楊東謀、王慧茹、項靖（2014）。政府開放資料的策略與挑戰：使用者觀點的分析。電子商務研究，12(3)，283-300。【Lo, Jin, Yang, Tung-Mou, Wang, Hui-Ju, & Shiang, Jing (2014). Strategies and challenges of open government data: Analysis of user perspectives. Electronic Commerce Studies, 12(3), 283-300. (in Chinese)】
53. Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (3rd ed.). SAGE.
54. Deloitte. (2012). Open growth: Stimulating demand for open data in the UK. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/uk/Documents/deloitte-analytics/open-growth.pdf
55. Glaser, B., & Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Aldine.
56. Jetzek, T., Avital, M., & Bjørn-Andersen, N. (2012, December 16-19). The value of open government data: A strategic analysis framework [Paper presentation]. 33th International Conference on Information Systems (Pre-ICIS Workshop), Orlando, FL, United States. https://research-api.cbs.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/58892193/Jetzek.pdf
57. Kim, H. W. (2020). A Study on the application of agile methodology to improve software development quality. International Journal of Advanced Smart Convergence, 9(3), 59-70. https://doi.org/10.7236/IJASC.2020.9.3.59
58. Peixoto, T. (2012). The uncertain relationship between open data and accountability: Response to Yu and Robinson’s the New Ambiguity of Open Government. UCLA Law Review Discourse, 60, 200-213. https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/ucladis60&i=199
59. Ponte, D. (2015). Enabling an open data ecosystem. In J. Becker, J. vom Brocke, & M. de Marco (Chairs), European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS 2015) Research-in-Progress Papers (Paper 55). http://aisel.aisnet.org/ecis2015_rip/55
60. Sui, C. (2020, March 14). What Taiwan can teach the world on fighting the coronavirus. NBC News. https://nbcnews.to/2YFjuPX
61. Ubaldi, B. (2013). Open government data: Towards empirical analysis of open government data initiatives. OECD Working Papers on Public Governance, 22. OECD Publishing. http://doi.org/10.1787/5k46bj4f03s7-en
62. Wang, H.-J. (2020). Adoption of open government data: Perspectives of user innovators. Information Research, 25(1), Article 849. http://informationr.net/ir/25-1/paper849.html
63. Woolley, K., & Fishbach, A. (2015). The experience matters more than you think: Weighting intrinsic incentives more inside than outside of an activity. In K. Diehl & C. Yoon (Eds.), Advances in Consumer Research: Vol. 43. 2015 Association for Consumer Research (pp. 62-67). https://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/v43/acr_vol43_1019135.pdf
64. World Wide Web Consortium (2013, March 15). 5 star linked data. https://www.w3.org/2011/gld/wiki/5_Star_Linked_Data
65. Zarour, A., & Zein, S. (2019). Software development estimation techniques in industrial contexts: An exploratory multiple case-study. International Journal of Technology in Education and Science, 3(2), 72-84. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/207264/