國小教師對學校心理契約的期望與實踐知覺之探討

Exploring Elementary School Teachers' Expectation toward School Psychological Contract and Their Perceptions toward its Fulfillment

10.3966/160683002013110088004

吳淑鈴(Shu-Ling Wu)；靳國芬(Kuo-Fen Chin)

國民小學教師 ； 心理契約 ； 雇用關係 ； Elementary School Teacher ； Psychological Contract ； Employment Relationship

學校行政

88期（2013 / 11 / 01）

58 - 82

繁體中文

心理契約的概念被視為是一項瞭解雇主與員工間互惠雇用關係的重要因素，本文針對國小教師的心理契約進行研究，以瞭解教師對於學校義務的期望及對於學校落實程度的知覺。本研究以新竹縣公立國小教師為抽樣對象，藉由問卷調查，來瞭解教師對於學校在心理契約內涵實踐程度的知覺以及期望程度，總計發放41所學校共650份問卷，回收有效問卷為549份，有效回收率為84.46%。實證結果發現：1.教師對於心理契約各項內涵皆有相當高的期待，尤其是對學校在環境支援的提供與體恤教職部屬的程度有較高的期望；2.教師對於學校在心理契約的落實程度上僅有中等程度的知覺，其中教師知覺到學校在建立人情關懷的落實程度上最低；3.心理契約在教師期望與知覺學校實踐程度有明顯的差距，且期望得分均高於知覺學校落實程度的得分，尤其在體恤教職部屬方面，教師的期望與知覺落差最大。根據上述研究結果，本研究進一步提出學校行政管理及教師心態調整方面的建議。

The concept of psychological contract has been viewed as an important factor to understand the reciprocal employment relationship between employee and employer. This study explored the psychological contract of teachers in elementary school in order to understand teachers' expectations of school board authority's obligations and perception of how school fulfilled their obligations. A survey method was adopted in this study and the public elementary school teachers in Hsinchu city and country were selected as the research participants to investigate teachers' perception and expectations of the fulfillment of their psychological contract. A total of 650 questionnaires were released, 549 valid questionnaires were received. The valid return rate was 84.46%. The findings of the study are as follows: First, teachers have high expectation about their content of psychological contract especially in the dimension of environmental support provided by the school and the degree that schools show consideration for teaching staff. Secondly, Teachers only perceived middle level fulfillment of psychological contract from their schools with the lowest scores reported in the dimension of establishing human care practice. Thirdly, a significant difference between teachers' expectation of psychological contract and their perception of the fulfillment of psychological contract is found. Teachers' expectation scores are significantly higher than their perception scores with the largest difference in the dimension of being considerate of teaching staff. Based on above results, a number of suggestions regarding school administration and the adjustment of teachers' attitude were proposed in this study.

1. 吳鍇、艾昌瑞、連雅慧(2011)。社會網絡對於心理契約認知之影響分析。管理學報，28(1)，49-63。
   連結：
2. 黃家齊(2002)。人力資管理活動認知與員工態度、績效之關聯性差異分析─心理契約與社會交換觀點。管理評論，21(4)，101-127。
   連結：
3. 法務部（ 1999 ）。國民教育法實施細則。全國法規資料庫。擷取自：http://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawOldVer.aspx?Pcode=H0070008&LNNDATE=20040726&LSER=001
4. 新竹縣教育研究發展暨網路中心（ 2009 ）。九十八學年度國小教職員概況統計表。學校基本資料查詢。擷取自：http://form.nc.hcc.edu.tw/schdata/show.php?opt=3&county=&school=1
5. 新竹市政府（ 1999 ）。新竹市國民小學 98 學年度普通班學生數暨班級數核定表。擷取自：http://www.hc.edu.tw/school/BasicData/count_ps.aspx
6. 教育部統計處（ 2013 ）。性別統計指標彙總性資料：國小教師數――按性別與學校所在縣市別分。教育部統計處性別統計專區。擷取自：http://www.edu.tw/pages/detail.aspx?Node=3973&Page=20272&WID=31d75a44-efff-4c44-a075-15a9eb7aecdf#c
7. Bagozzi, R. P.,Yi, Y.(1988).On the evaluation of structural equation models.Academy of Marketing Science,16(1),74-94.
8. Bal, P.M.,Chiaburu, D. S.,Jansen, P. G.W.(2010).Psychological contract  breach and work performance: Is social exchange a buffer or an intensifier?.Journal of Managerial Psychology,25(3),252-273.
9. Colye-Shapiro, J.,Kessler, I.(2000).Consequences of the psychological contract for the employment relationship: A large scale survey.Journal of Management Studies,37,903-930.
10. Cooper, C.(Ed.),Rousseau, D.(Ed.)(1994).Trends in Organizational Behavior.Hoboken, NJ:Wiley.
11. DelCampo, R. G.,Rogers, K. M.,Jacobson, K.J.L.(2010).Psychological contract breach, discrimination, and ethnic identification in Hispanic business.Journal of Managerial Issues,22(2),220-238.
12. Epitropaki, O.(2013).A  multi-level  investigation of  psychological  contract breach and organizational identification through the lens of perceived organizational membership: Testing  a  moderated-mediated model.Journal of Organizational Behavior,34(1),65-86.
13. Guzzo, R, A.,Noonan, K, A.,Elorn, E.(1994).Expatriate managers and psychological contract.Journal of Applied psychology,79,617-626.
14. Kickul, J. R.,Neuman, G.,Parker, C.,Finkl, J.(2001).Settling the score: The role of organizational justice in the relationship between psychological contract breach and anticitizenship behavior.Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal,13(2),77-88.
15. Levinson, H.,Price, C. R.,Munden, K. J.,Solley, C. M.(1962).Men, management & mental Health.Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
16. McDonald, D. J.,Makin, P. J.(2000).The psychological contract, organizational commitment and job satisfaction of temporary staff.Leadership & Organization Development Journal,21(2),84-91.
17. Mclnnis, J. J.,Meyer, J. P.,Feldman, S.(2009).Psychological contracts  and their implications for commitment: A feature-based approach.Journal of Vocational Behavior,74(2),165-180.
18. Morrison, E.W., Robinson, S.L.(1997).When employees feel betrayed: A model of how psychological contract violation develops.Academy of Management Review,22,226-256.
19. O''Leary-Kelly, Anne(Ed.),Griffin''s, Richard(Ed.)(2004).Dark side of organizational behavior.Hoboken, NJ:Jossey-Bass.
20. Restubog, S. L. D.,Bordia, P.,Bordia, S.(2009).The interactive effects of procedural justice and equity sensitivity in predicting responses to psychological contract breach: An interactionist perspective.Journal of Business Psychology,24,165-178.
21. Robinson, S. L.,Morrison, E. W.(1995).Psychological contracts and OCB: The effect of unfulfilled obligations on civil virtue behavior.Journal of Organizational Behavior,16,289-298.
22. Robinson, S. L.,Rousseau, D. M.(1994).Violating the psychological contract: not the exception but the norm.Journal of Organizational Behavior,15,245-259.
23. Robinson, S.L.(1996).Trust and breach of the psychological contracts.Administrative Science Quarterly,41(4),574-599.
24. Rousseau, D. M.(1989).Psychological and implied contracts in organizations.Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal,2,121-139.
25. Rousseau, D. M.,Parks, J. M.(1993).The contracts of individuals and organizations.Research in Organizational Behavior,15,1-43.
26. Rousseau, D.M.(1995).Psychological contracts in organizations: Understanding written and unwritten agreements.Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage Publications.
27. Schein, E. H.(1980).Organizational Psychology.Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall.
28. Shih, C. T.,Chuang, C.H.(2013).Individual differences, psychological contract breach, and organizational citizenship behavior: A moderated mediation.Asia Pacific Journal of Management,30(1),191-210.
29. Turnley, W. H.,Feldman, D. C.(1999).The Impact of Psychological Contract Violations on Exit, Voice, Loyalty, and Neglect.Human Relations,52(7),895-922.
30. Turnley, W. H.,Feldman, D. C.(1999).A discrepancy model of psychological contract violations.Human Resource Management Review,9(3),367-386.
31. Zhao, H.,Wayne, S. J.,Glibkowski, B. C.,Bravo, J.(2007).The impact of psychological contract breach on work-related outcomes: A meta- analysis.Personnel Psychology,60(3),647-680.
32. 余民寧(2006)。潛在變項模式： SIMPLIS  的應用。台北市:高等教育。
33. 吳政達、湯家偉、羅清水(2007)。心理契約、組織公平、組織信任與組織公民行為結構關係之驗證：以台北地區國民中學學校組織為例。教育政策論壇，10(1)，133-159。
34. 林邦傑、陳美娟(2006)。學校組織與教職人員心理契約量表的建構。教育研究與發展期刊，2(4)，39-68。
35. 施錦村(2000)。學校員工類別對組織公平、違反心理契約與員工負向行為關聯的干擾效果：以北部技職院校為例。教育科學期刊，9(2)，77-100。
36. 黃家齊(2003)。人力資源管理活動、雇用關係與員工反應之關聯性研究─心理契約觀點。管理學報，20(3)，483-514。

1. 黃啟晉(2014)。論代理理論與對學校組織的衍生問題與解決途徑。學校行政，94，123-141。
2. 黃啟晉(2015)。機制設計理論與策略性人力資源管理實務的整合分析―以學校場域為例。學校行政，96，70-89。