經典設計的當代評量：包浩斯百年風華的省思

The Evaluation of the Classic Design in Contemporary Perspective: Reflection on Bauhaus Hundred years of Prosperity

孫怡康(Yikang Sun)；林思瑤(Szuyao Lin)；孫銘賢(Ming-Xean Sun)

包浩斯 ； 經典設計 ； 設計評價 ； 設計理論 ； Bauhaus ； Classic Design ； Design Evaluation ； Design Theory

設計學報

24卷3期（2019 / 09 / 01）

49 - 72

繁體中文

包浩斯，以手工技藝結合工業技術，追求「理性」的設計思維，為現代設計指引一個新方向；帶動世界現代設計運動，造就二十世紀設計現代化的風貌。百年前包浩斯為現代產品設計所提出來的三個主張：「機能主義」的設計思想、「忠於材料」的設計堅持與「少即是多」的設計哲理，其主張改變當代設計思維，當時設計的產品仍被視為一代經典。如今，雖然設計能量隨著科技進步蓬勃發展，設計風格亦隨著藝術文化思潮的演變而不斷推陳出新，本研究主要目的在檢視這三個主張與經典設計的當代評量。因此，本研究提出一個以包浩斯產品設計的三個主張所建構的評量架構與準則，並選擇了13件分別來自包浩斯的經典設計，以及當時其他風格的產品作為研究案例；透過問卷調查與分析，評估當時產品設計的概念與理論，瞭解大眾對經典產品的態度。結果顯示，包浩斯的經典設計的延續，確實存在於當代設計之中；並進一步探討包浩斯的三個設計主張與當代設計思維的交融。

Bauhaus has been guiding the new direction for modern design and driving the world's modern design movement by its concept that combines craftsmanship with industry and pursues ＂rational＂ in design thinking in the 20th century. A hundred years ago, Bauhaus proposed three ideas for the Modern Design which are Functionalism, Loyalty to Materials, and Less is More. This three claims have been changing the contemporary design thinking since then, and even nowadays those products are still considered a generation of classics. Although the design concepts have been frequently developed along with the rapid advancement of science and technology, the design styles have been constantly updated with the evolution of culture and arts. The main purpose of this research is to evaluate the three Bauhaus claims and the classic designed products in a contemporary perspective. This study proposes an evaluative framework and criterion designed from the three Bauhaus claims. All 13 samples were chosen from not only Bauhaus classic design, but also other styles of classic products. The methodologies are used through the questionnaire survey and analysis in order to evaluate the concept and the theory of product design at that period and furthermore, to understand the public attitude and point of view in classic products. The results show that the continual influence of the Bauhaus classic design does exist in the contemporary design. Upon the research result, an in-depth discussion could be considered in the convergence of Bauhaus three claims and contemporary design thinking.

1. 林榮泰, R. T.(2011)。文化創意產業的本質與研究。設計學報，16(4)，i-iv。
   連結：
2. 林榮泰, P. S.,林伯賢, R. T.(2009)。融合文化與美學促成文化創意設計新興產業之探討。藝術學報，85，81-106。
   連結：
3. Albers, J. (1923). Fruit bowl. Retrieved from https://albersfoundation.org/art/josef-albers/design/
4. Alessi. (2011). Vassoio rotondo-Girotondo. Retrieved from https://www.alessi.com/it_it/vassoio-rotondo-girotondo-pc-kkgt.html
5. Brandt, M. (1926). Ceiling lamp. Retrieved from https://www.tecnolumen.com/19/pid/112/Ceiling-Lamp-DMB-30.htm
6. Brandt, M. (1924). Teapot. Retrieved from https://library.artstor.org/#/asset/MOMA_18270002;prevRouteTS=1555916346334
7. Conrads, U. (Ed.),Bullock, M.(Trans.).(1970).Programs and manifestoes on 20th-century architecture.Cambridge, MA:The MIT Press.
8. Corbusier, L.,Etchells, F.(Trans.)(1986).Towards a new architecture.North Chelmsford, MA:Courier Corporation.
9. Crawford, A.(1997).Ideas and objects.Design Issues,13(1),15-26.
10. Crosby, T. L.(2013).The unknown lloyd george: A statesman in conflict.London:I. B. Tauris.
11. Frampton, K.(1985).Modern architecture: a critical history.London:Thames & Hudson.
12. Graves, M. (1985). Kettle with bird-shaped whistle. Retrieved from http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O146029/kettle-graves-michael/
13. Greenough, H. (1947). Form and function: remarks on art, design, and architecture. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
14. Gropius, W.,Shand, P. M.(Trans.)(1965).The new architecture and the Bauhaus.Cambridge, MA:The MIT Press.
15. Hana Cobi Plastic Co, Ltd. (2000). The lock & lock glass storage. Retrieved from http://www.locknlock.com/eng/Bbs/category-story_eng/Page1/Story/37
16. Hartwig, J. (1924). Chess set. Retrieved from https://library.artstor.org/#/asset/AWSS35953_35953_30943877;prevRouteTS=1555915971723
17. Henningsen, P. (1958). Artichoke lamp. Retrieved from https://www.danishdesignstore.com/products/ph-artichoke-lamp-by-poul-henningsen-louis-poulsen
18. Hsu, C. H.,Chang, S. H.,Lin, R.(2013).A design strategy for turning local culture into global market products.International Journal of Affective Engineering,12(2),275-283.
19. Jong, C.,Klemp, K.,Mattie, E.,Rams, D.(2017).Ten principles for good design.Munich:Prestel.
20. Kersting, W. M. (1932). Volksempfänger VE301. Retrieved from https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O113976/volksempfanger-radio-model-ve-301w-radio-kersting-walter-maria/
21. Kocmanovà. J.,Purkyné, J. E.(1967).The aesthetic opinions of William Morris.Comparative Literature Studies,4(4),409-424.
22. Lin, C. L.,Chen, S. J.,Hsiao, W. H.,Lin, R.(2016).Cultural ergonomics in interactional and experiential design: conceptual framework and case study of the Taiwanese twin cup.Applied Ergonomics,52,242-252.
23. Lucie-Smith, E.(1981).The story of craft.New York, NY:Cornell University Press.
24. Magnussen, E. (1927). Manhattan coffee and tea service. Retrieved from https://risdmuseum.org/art-design/collection/cubic-coffee-service-1991126488
25. Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370-396.
26. Nerdinger, W.,Durth, W.(2007).100 jahre deutscher werkbund 1907-2007.München:Prestel.
27. Neumann, D.(1992).Three early designs by Mies van der Rohe.Perspecta,27,76-97.
28. Norman, D. A.(2013).The design of everyday things.New York, NY:Basic Books.
29. Pap, G. (1923). Floor lamp. Retrieved from https://www.tecnolumen.com/21/Gyula-Pap-Floor-lamp.htm
30. Papapetros, S.(2010).World ornament: the legacy of Gottfried Semper's 1856 lecture on adornment.Res: Anthropology and Aesthetics,57/58,309-329.
31. Payn, H. (1888). The merchandise marks act 1887 (pp. 62-63). New York, NY: Gareth Stevens.
32. Pevsner, N.(1960).Pioneers of modern design: from William Morris to Walter Gropius.London:Penguin.
33. Rams, D. (1963). SK55 radio and phonograph. Retrieved from https://library.artstor.org/#/asset/AINDIANAIG_10313597917;prevRouteTS=1555928189820;iap=true
34. Rams, D.(1984).Omit the unimportant.Design Issues,1(1),24-26.
35. Salmon, N.,Baker, D. W.(1996).The William Morris chronology.Bristol:Thoemmes Press.
36. Schulze, F.(1989).Mies van der Rohe: a critical biography.Chicago, IL:University of Chicago Press.
37. Semper, G. (1852). Wissenschaft, industrie und kunst. Braunschweig: F. Vieweg und Sohn.
38. Semper, G,Mallgrave, H. F.(Trans.),Herrmann, W.(Trans.)(1989).The four elements of architecture and other writings.New York, NY:Cambridge University Press.
39. Sullivan, L. H.(1986).The tall office building artistically considered.Lippincott's Magazing,339,403-409.
40. Thompson, P.(1991).The work of William Morris.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
41. Toller, Joan C.(Ed.)(2010).Friendships: Types, Cultural, Psychological and Social Aspects.Hauppauge, NY:Nova Science Pub.
42. Vitruvius,Rowland, I. D.(Trans.)(1999).The ten books on architecture.London:Cambridge University Press.
43. Wagenfeld, W. (1924). Table lamp. Retrieved from http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O116634/mt8-table-lamp-wagenfeld-wilhelm/
44. Wagenfeld, W. (1931). Pelikan ink bottle. Retrieved from http://toasterpastrycrumbs.blogspot.com/2011/05/collection-of-vintage-red-inks.html
45. Wagenfeld, W. (1938). Cube-shaped dishware/storage containers. Retrieved from https://library.artstor.org/#/asset/ASLAMIG_10313907130;prevRouteTS=1555917605290
46. Weber, K. (1934). Zephyr electric clock. Retrieved from https://www.mfa.org/collections/object/zephyr-clock-121152
47. Whitford, F.(1984).Bauhaus.London:Thames & Hudson.
48. Yen, H. Y.,Lin, C.,Lin, R.(2013).A study of applying qualia to business model of creative industries.Lecture Notes in Computer Science,8023,148-156.
49. Yen, H. Y.,Lin, P. H.,Lin, R.(2015).The effect of product qualia factors on brand image-using brand love as the mediator.Bulletin of Japanese Society for the Science of Design,62(3),67-76.

1. 林榮泰,林伯賢,丁怡文(2023)。設計與舞蹈的交融－包浩斯《三元芭蕾》的設計意涵。設計學報，28(1)，25-48。
2. 林榮泰,林榮泰,林榮泰(2019)。序－包浩斯，然後呢？。設計學報，24(4)，i-v。
3. 孫怡康,林榮泰(2020)。產品設計評量準則之運用與內涵：以兩份「百款最佳現代產品設計」入圍名單為例。設計學報，25(3)，45-68。