英文摘要
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During the Ming-Qing transition, Ming loyalist Xu Fang (1622-1694) chose to mourn for the Ming by secluding himself at the Jian Shan lodge, located in the foothills of the Tin Ping mountains. Xu Fang adhered to his identity of a Ming citizen, but how did he justify his life choices when suffering from sickness and poverty? While in seclusion, how did he meet with those who chose to enter the town? Many Ming loyalists in seclusion chose to express themselves through poetry and painting; after becoming destitute and homeless, they wrote travelogues and created landscape paintings. But how did they identify and define themselves? This essay focuses on Xu Fang's ”traveling without entering the town” to exemplify the lifestyle choice of many Ming loyalists. Through a case study of Xu Fang, this essay highlights Xu Fang's attitude toward life while living in a state of seclusion or dissociation.
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