题名

以賽局觀點探討軟體外包延宕類型

并列篇名

Escalation Patterns of Software Outsourcing: A Game Perspective

DOI

10.6382/JIM.200610.0002

作者

王文良(Wen-Liang Wang)；林信惠(Hsin-Hui Lin)

关键词

外包延宕 ； 賽局理論 ； 可信承諾 ； 可信嚇阻 ； 避免損失 ； outsourcing escalation ； game theory ； credible deterrence ； credible commitment ； loss aversion

期刊名称

資訊管理學報

卷期/出版年月

13卷S期（2006 / 10 / 01）

页次

17 - 40

内容语文

繁體中文
中文摘要

所謂專案延宕，就是繼續投入資源以挽救一個時程嚴重延誤而瀕臨失敗的專案，研究顯示約有30%至40%的軟體專案呈現延宕現象。內部延宕研究著重於代理人之過度承諾的決策錯誤，然而在外包專案普及的今日，顧客與外包商對專案有絕對的影響力，但相關研究卻付之闕如，無法提供外包延宕的解決方案。本研究以賽局理論為理論背景，以先導個案釐清研究方向，接著訪談六個典型的軟體外包延宕專案。透過資料分析，將外包延宕歸納為承諾型、嚇阻型、以及避免損失型三類。本研究發現，顧客的可信嚇阻、外包商的可信承諾會影響對方避免損失的意圖，形成外包延宕僵局。外包延宕除了是一種決策錯誤，顧客與外包商會傾向利己的理性決策，但卻造成外包延宕的困境。
英文摘要

Project escalation means that a failing project is permitted to continue and good money is thrown after bad. According to survey reports, about 30% to 40% of software projects emerge this phenomenon. Most escalation studies in the past focused on over-committed behaviors of in-housing project agents. Being very popular now, outsourcing projects can be mainly influenced by its powerful stakeholders, such as customers and top managers, and remain few escalation studies. First of all, this study redefines outsourcing escalation based on a pilot case. Then, six escalation cases were in progresses and three patterns of outsourcing escalation were abstracted. The results indicate that credible deterrence of customer and credible commitment of vendor will influence each other in condition of loss aversion. Past opinions regarded project escalation as the result of decision errors. From the perspective of game theory, this study points out that rational decision between customer and vender lead to decision dilemmas.
主题分类 基礎與應用科學 > 資訊科學
社會科學 > 管理學
参考文献
  1. Abdel-Hamid, T.,Madnick, S. E.(1991).Software Project Dynamics: An Integrated Approach.Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice Hall.
  2. Aubert, B. A.,Dussault, S.,Patry, M.,Rivard, S.(1999).Managing the Risk of IT Outsourcing.Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences
  3. Becker, H. S.(1960).Notes on the concept of commitment.American Journal of Sociology,66,32-42.
  4. Bowen, M. G.(1987).The Escalation Phenomenon Reconsidered: Decision Dilemmas or Decision Errors?.Academy of Management Review,12(1),52-66.
  5. Brockner, J.(1992).The Escalation of Commitment to a Failing Course of Action: Toward Theoretical Progress.Academy of Management Review,17,39-61.
  6. Brockner, J.,Rubin, J. Z.(1985).Entrapment in Escalation Conflicts.New York:Springer-Verlag.
  7. Caldwell, D. F.,O''Reilly, C. A.(1982).Responses to Failure: The Effects of Choice and Responsibility on Impression Management.Academy of Management Journal,25(1),121-136.
  8. Currie, W.(1998).Using Multiple Suppliers to Mitigate the Risks of IT Outsourcing in Two UK Companies: ICI and Wessex Water.Journal of Information Technology,13(3),169-180.
  9. DiMaggio, P.,Powell, W. W.(1983).The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields.American Sociological Review,48(2),147-160.
  10. Dixit, A.,Skeath, S.(1999).Games of Strategy.New York:Norton.
  11. Drummond, H.(1996).Escalation in Decision-Making: The Tragedy of Taurus.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
  12. Elitzur, R.,Wensley, A.(1997).Game Theory as a Tool for Understanding Information Services Outsourcing.Journal of Information Technology,12(1),45-60.
  13. Ewusi-Mensah, K.,Przasnyski, Z. H.(1991).On Information Systems Project Abandonment: An Exploratory Study of Organizational Practices.MIS Quarterly,15(1),67-85.
  14. Fombrun, C.,Shanley, M(1990).What's in a Name? Reputation Building and Corporate Strategy.Academy of Management Journal,33(2),233-258.
  15. Freeman, E. R.(1984).Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach.Boston, MA.:Pitman.
  16. Fudenberg, R.,Tirole, J.(1993).Game Theory.Cambridge, Massachusetts:The MIT Press.
  17. Garland, H.(1990).Throwing Good Money after Bad: The Effect of sunk Costs on the Decision to Escalate Commitment to an Ongoing Project.Journal of Applied Psychology,75(6),728-731.
  18. Goles, T.(2001).Houston, TX,University of Houston.
  19. Grover, V.,Teng, J. T. C.(1995).Theoretical Perspectives on the Outsourcing of Information Systems.Journal of Information Technology,10,209-219.
  20. Harsanyi, J.(1967).Games with Incomplete Information Played by Bayesian Players Parts I II and III.Management Science,14,159-82, 320-34, 486-502.
  21. Hogarth, R. M.,Makridakis S.(1981).Forecasting and planning: An evaluation.Management Science,27,115-138.
  22. Jensen, M. C.,meckling, W. H.(1976).Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure.Journal of Financial Economics,3,305-360.
  23. Johnson, J.(1995).Chaos: The Dollar Drain of IT Project Failures.Application Development Trends,2(1),41-47.
  24. Kahneman, D.,Knetsch, J. L.,Thaler, R. H.(1991).Anomalies: The Endowment Effect, Loss Aversion, and Status Quo Bias.Journal of Economic Perspectives,5(1),193-206.
  25. Kahneman, D.,Tversky, A.(1979).Prospect Theory: An analysis of decisions under risk.Econometrica,47,262-291.
  26. Keil, M.(1995).Pulling the Plug: Software Project Management and the Problem of Project Escalation.MIS Quarterly,19(4),421-447.
  27. Keil, M.,Mann, J.,Rai, A.(2000).Why Software Projects Escalate: An Empirical Analysis and Test of Four Theoretical Models.MIS Quarterly,24(4),631-665.
  28. Keil, M.,Mixon, R.,Saarinen, T.,Tuunainen, V.(1995).Understanding Runaway Information Technology Projects: Results from an International Research Program Based on Escalation Theory.MIS Quarterly,11(3),67-87.
  29. Keil, M.,Rai, A,Mann, J. E. C.,Zhang, P(2003).Why Software Projects Escalate: The Important of Project Management Constructs.IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,50(3),251-261.
  30. Keil, M.,Tan, B. C. Y.,Wei, K. K.,Saarinen, T.,Tuunainen, V.,Wassenaar, A.(2000).A Cross-Cultural Study on Escalation of Commitment Behavior in Software Projects.MIS Quarterly,24(3),299-324.
  31. Keil, M.,Truex, D. P.,Mixon, R.(1995).The Effects of Sunk Cost and Project Completion on Information Technology Project Escalation.IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,42(4),372-381.
  32. Kern, T.,Willcocks, L.(2002).The Relationship Advantage: Information Technologies, Sourcing and Management.Oxford, UK:Oxford University Press.
  33. Kirby, S. L.,Davis, M. A.(1998).A Study of Escalating Commitment in Principal-Agent Relationships: Effects of Monitoring and Personal Responsibility.Journal of Applied Psychology,83(2),206-217.
  34. Kirsch, L. J.(1997).Portfolios of Control Modes and IS Project Management.Information Systems Research,8(3),215-239.
  35. Kirsch, L. J.,Sambamurthy, V.,Ko, D. G.,Purvis, R. L.(2005).Controlling Information Systems Development Projects: The View from the Client.Management Science,48(4),484-493.
  36. Klepper, R.(1995).The Management of Partnering Development in I/S Outsourcing.Journal of Information Technology,10,249-258.
  37. Koh, C.,Ang, S.,Straub, D. W.(2004).IT Outsourcing Success: A Psychological Contract Perspective.Information Systems Research,15(4),356-373.
  38. Lacity, M. C.,Willcocks, L. P.(1998).An Empirical Investigation of Information Technology Sourcing Practices: Lessons from Experience.MIS Quarterly,22(3),363-408.
  39. Lee, J.-N.,Kim, Y.-G.(1999).Effect of Partnership Quality on IS Outsourcing Success: Conceptual Framework and Empirical Validation.Journal of Management Information Systems,15(4),29-61.
  40. Levina, L.,Ross, J. W.(2003).From the Vendor's Perspective: Exploring the Value Proposition Outsourcing.MIS Quarterly,27(3),331-364.
  41. Maxwell, J. A.(1996).Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach.Sage.
  42. Merriam, S. B.(2002).Qualitative Research in Practice: Examples for Discussion and Practice.San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
  43. Nash, J.(1950).Equilibrium Points in n-Person Games.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,36,386-389.
  44. Newman, M.,Sabherwal, R.(1996).Determinants of Commitment to Information Systems Development: A Longitudinal Investigation.MIS Quarterly,20(1),23-54.
  45. PMI(2004).A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge.Project Management Institute.
  46. Ross, J.,Staw, B. M.(1986).Expo 86: An Escalation Prototype.Administrative Science Quarterly,31(2),274-297.
  47. Ross, J.,Staw, B. M.(1993).Organizational Escalation and Exit: Lessons from the Shoreham Nuclear Plant.Academy of Management Journal,36(4),701-732.
  48. Saunders, Gebelt, M.,Hu, Q.(1997).Achieving Success in Information Systems Outsourcing.California Management Review,39(2),63-79.
  49. Schelling, T. C.(1960).The Strategy of Conflict.Cambridge, Masss:Harvard University.
  50. Selten, R.(1975).Reexamination of Financial Structure: The Incentive Signaling Approach.Bell Journal of Economics,8,23-40.
  51. Selten, R.(1965).Spieltheoretische Behandlung eines Oligopolmodells mit Nachfagetragheit.Zeitschrift fur die gesamte Staatswissenschaft,12,301-324.
  52. Simon, H. A.,Herbert A. Simon(Ed.)(1957).Models of Man.New York:John Wiley.
  53. Staw, B. M.(1981).The Escalation of Commitment to a Course of Action.Academy of Management Review,6,577-587.
  54. Staw, B. M.(1976).Knee-Deep in the Big Muddy: A Study of Escalation Commitment to a Course of Action.Organization and Human Performance,16,27-44.
  55. Staw, B. M.,Ross, J.(1987).Knowing When to Pull the Plug.Harvard Business Review,35(2),68-74.
  56. Staw, B. M.,Ross, J.(1986).Understanding Behavior in Escalation Situations.Science,246,216-220.
  57. Stewart, J. M.(1965).Making Project Management Work.Business Horizons,Fall
  58. Tama, M. C. Y.,Tummala, V. M. R.(2000).An Application of the AHP in Vendor Selection of a Telecommunications System.Omega, The International Journal of Management Science,219,171-182.
  59. Tversky, A.,Kahneman, D.(1991).Loss Aversion and Riskless Choice: A Reference Dependent Model.Quarterly Journal of Economics,106(4),1039-1061.
  60. Useem, M.,Harder, J.(2000).Leading Laterally in Company Outsourcing.Sloan Management Review,41(2),25-36.
  61. Verville J.,Halingten, A.(2003).A Six-Stage Model of the Buying Process for ERP Software.Industrial Marketing Management,32,585-594.
  62. Whang, G. P.,Keil, M.,Rai, A.,Mann, J.(2003).Predicting Informatino Technology Project Escalation: A Neural network Approach.European Journal of Operational Research,146,115-129.
  63. Whang, S.(1992).Contracting for Software Development.Management Science,38(3),307-324.
  64. Willcocks, L. P.,Kern, T.(1998).IT Outsourcing as Strategic Partnering: The Case of the UK Irland Revenue.European Journal of Information Systems,7(1),29-45.
  65. Willcocks, L.,Lacity, M. C.,R. Zmud (ed.)(2000).Framing the Domains of IT Management.Cincinnati, OH:Pinnaflex Inc..
  66. Yin, R. K.(1994).Case Study Research, Design and Methods.Beverly Hills, CA:Sage.
  67. Zmud, R. W.(1980).Management of Large Software Efforts.MIS Quarterly,4(2),45-55.
  68. 張維迎(1999)。賽局理論與信息經濟學。台北:茂晶。
被引用次数
  1. 柯于璋(2013)。政府委託研究案代理問題之探討：一個結合賽局理論與代理人理論的研究取向。行政暨政策學報，57，1-35。
print cancel