题名

疫情衝擊脈絡下認知彈性、創造力與電子商務創業意圖

并列篇名

The Study among Cognitive Flexibility, Creativity, and E-Entrepreneurial Intentions in the Context of Pandemic Shocks

作者

廖俊杰(Chun-Chieh Liao)；鄭伶如(Lin-Ju Cheng)

关键词

認知彈性 ； 創造力 ； 創業自我效能 ； 電子商務創業意圖 ； 疫情衝擊 ； cognitive flexibility ； creativity ； entrepreneurial self-efficacy ； e-entrepreneurial intentions ； pandemic shocks

期刊名称

資訊管理學報

卷期/出版年月

28卷2期（2021 / 04 / 30）

页次

183 - 214

内容语文

繁體中文
中文摘要

本研究在新型冠狀病毒疫情衝擊，電子商務商機崛起的脈絡下，探討認知彈性、創造力與電子商務創業意圖的關係，同時也探討創業自我效能在上述三者之間的中介效果。研究樣本取自社群平台之電子商務創業社團，徵求群內的大學生為研究對象，共回收195份有效問卷進行實證分析。研究結論得知，認知彈性、創造力、創業自我效能對電子商務創業意圖有正向顯著的直接效果，認知彈性也會正向影響創造力，支持個人會根據自己能力和技能，配合職業環境的要求和期望認知而影響其生涯選擇。至於創業自我效能，在認知彈性、創造力對電子商務創業意圖關係亦扮演中介角色。
英文摘要

Purpose-E-commerce is emerging as a major pillar in the fight against Covid-19. In such a context, this study investigates the role of cognitive flexibility and creativity as antecedents of e-entrepreneurial intentions in the context of pandemic shocks. Entrepreneurial self-efficacy was also introduced as a mediator of such relationships. Design/methodology/approach-Data were collected through surveys distributed to a Facebook club of e-commerce & startup of university students, who may become (but are not yet) entrepreneurs, as our aim was to investigate factors that explain an individual's intentions to pursue a career in entrepreneurship in pandemic shocks. A total of 195 questionnaires were collected. Structural equation modeling (SEM) in AMOS software was used for data analysis purposes. Findings-Results demonstrate cognitive flexibility and creativity have a strong positive relationship with e-entrepreneurial intentions, entrepreneurial self-efficacy can be considered only a partial mediator of this relationship. It suggests that cognitive flexibility and creativity constitute on their own as a sufficient driver to intend to start an e-intentions in starting a new business in the age of turbulence. Research limitations/implications-We focus on a particular environmental and industrial setting. Testing these predictions in other contexts and making some comparisons could contribute to the generalizability of results. And we have only tested how the development of intentions takes place, rather than the likelihood of the actual business establishment. Future research can focus on active entrepreneurs to add dimensions to the present model, such as performance and profit growth. Practical implications - The results support the notion that being cognitively flexible about entrepreneurial founding activities and perceive themselves to be creative is likely going to lead individuals to the development of context-related e-entrepreneurial intentions in the face of daunting obstacles. Educators in academia could revise the taught programs on entrepreneurship, the focus could be on cultivating students the skill of creative problem solving and flexible thinking, instead of depicting general scenarios of business start-ups. Besides, confidence and belief in one's own capabilities takes a central part in shaping human behavior. Originality/value - The findings advance the understanding of the nascent entrepreneurship phenomenon within the context of the pandemic shocks. We capture both personal and environmental factors that form entrepreneurial career choices. The study provides a different viewpoint on intentions to start a specific business using a more relevant environmental setting.
主题分类 基礎與應用科學 > 資訊科學
社會科學 > 管理學
参考文献
  1. 彭台光,高月慈,林鉦琴(2006)。管理研究中的共同方法變異：問題本質、影響、測試和補救。管理學報，23(1)，77-98。
    連結：
  2. ACI Worldwide (2020), ‘Global eCommerce retail sales up 209 percent in April’, ACI Worldwide.
  3. Alon, I.,Farrell, M.,Li, S.(2020).Regime type and COVID-19 response.FIIB Business Review,9(3),152-160.
  4. Amabile, T.M.(1996).Creativity and Innovation in Organizations.Boston, MA, USA:Harvard Business School.
  5. Ames, M.,Runco, M.A.(2005).Predicting entrepreneurship from ideation and divergent thinking.Creativity and Innovation Management,14(3),311-315.
  6. Arora, P.,Haynie, M.,Laurence, G.(2013).Counterfactual thinking and entrepreneurial self-efficacy: The moderating role of self-esteem and dispositional affect.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,37(2),359-385.
  7. Avolio, B.J.,Yammarino, F.J.,Bass, B.M.(1991).Identifying common methods variance with data collected from a single source: An unresolved sticky issue.Journal of Management,17(3),571-587.
  8. Baas, M.,De Dreu, C.K.,Nijstad, B.A.(2008).A meta-analysis of 25 years of moodcreativity research: Hedonic tone, activation, or regulatory focus.Psychological Bulletin,134(6),779-806.
  9. Baer, M.(2012).Putting creativity to work: The implementation of creative ideas in organizations.Academy of Management Journal,55(5),1102-1119.
  10. Bagozzi, R.P.,Yi, Y.(1988).On the evaluation of structural equation models.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,16(1),74-94.
  11. Bandura, A.(1986).Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory.Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA:Prentice-Hall.
  12. Bandura, A.(1997).Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control.New York, USA:Freeman.
  13. Barbey, A.K.,Colom, R.,Grafman, J.(2013).Architecture of cognitive flexibility revealed by lesion mapping.Neuroimage,82,547-554.
  14. Barnes, S.J.(2020).Information management research and practice in the post-COVID-19 world.International Journal of Information Management,55,102175.
  15. Baron, R.A.(2004).Potential benefits of the cognitive perspective: Expanding entrepreneurship's array of conceptual tools.Journal of Business Venturing,19(2),169-172.
  16. Baum, J.R,Locke, E.A.(2004).The relationship of entrepreneurial traits, skill, and motivation to subsequent venture growth.Journal of Applied Psychology,89(4),587-598.
  17. Bellò, B.,Mattana, V.,Loi, M.(2018).The power of peers.International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research,24(1),214-233.
  18. Biraglia, A.,Kadile, V.(2017).The role of entrepreneurial passion and creativity in developing entrepreneurial intentions: Insights from American homebrewers.Journal of Small Business Management,55(1),170-188.
  19. Bönte, W.,Procher, V.D.,Urbig, D.(2016).Biology and selection into entrepreneurship: The relevance of prenatal testosterone exposure.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,40(5),1121-1148.
  20. Boyd, N.G.,Vozikis, G.S.(1994).The influence of self-efficacy on the development of entrepreneurial intentions and actions.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,18(4),63-77.
  21. Brown, D.(Ed.)(2002).Career Choice and Development.San Francisco, CA:Jossey-Bass.
  22. Bullough, A.,Renko, M.,Myatt, T.(2014).Danger zone entrepreneurs: The importance of resilience and self-efficacy for entrepreneurial intentions.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,38(3),473-499.
  23. Cañas, J.,Quesada, J.,Antolí, A.,Fajardo, I.(2003).Cognitive flexibility and adaptability to environmental changes in dynamic complex problem-solving tasks.Ergonomics,46(5),482-501.
  24. Carson, S.H.,Peterson, J.B.,Higgins, D.M.(2003).Decreased latent inhibition is associated with increased creative achievement in high-functioning individuals.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,85(3),499-506.
  25. Chen, C.C.,Greene, P.G.,Crick, A.(1998).Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers.Journal of Business Venturing,13(4),295-316.
  26. Chen, C.C.,Lin, M.M.,Chen, C.M.(2012).Exploring the mechanisms of the relationship between website characteristics and organizational attraction.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,23(4),867-885.
  27. Chin, W.W.(1998).Issues and opinions on structural equation modeling.MIS Quarterly,22(1),7-16.
  28. Crisp, R.J.,Turner, R.N.(2011).Cognitive adaptation to the experience of social and cultural diversity.Psychological Bulletin,137(2),242-266.
  29. Dajani, D.R.,Uddin, L.Q.(2015).Demystifying cognitive flexibility: Implications for clinical and developmental neuroscience.Trends in Neurosciences,38(9),571-578.
  30. Dawis, R.V.(2002).Person-environment-correspondence theory.Career Choice and Development,4,427-464.
  31. De Dreu, C.K.W.,Baas, M.,Nijstad, B.A.(2008).Hedonic tone and activation level in the mood-creativity link: Toward a dual pathway to creativity model.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,94(5),739-756.
  32. De Dreu, C.K.W.,Nijstad, B.A.,Baas, M.(2011).Behavioral activation links to creativity because of increased cognitive flexibility.Social Psychological and Personality Science,2(1),72-80.
  33. DeYoung, C.G.,Peterson, J.B.,Higgins, D.M.(2005).Sources of openness/intellect: Cognitive and neuropsychological correlates of the fifth factor of personality.Journal of Personality,73(4),825-858.
  34. Doern, R.,Williams, N.,Vorley, T.(2019).Special issue on entrepreneurship and crises: business as usual? An introduction and review of the literature.Entrepreneurship & Regional Development,31(5-6),400-412.
  35. Douglas, E.J.,Fitzsimmons, J.R.(2013).Intrapreneurial intentions versus entrepreneurial intentions: distinct constructs with different antecedents.Small Business Economics,41(1),115-132.
  36. Engle, R.L.,Dimitriadi, N.,Gavidia, J.V.,Schlaegel, C.,Delanoe, S.,Alvarado, I.,He, X.,Buame, S,Wolff, B.(2010).Entrepreneurial intent: A twelve­country evaluation of Ajzen's model of planned behavior.International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research,16(1),35-57.
  37. Fayolle, A.,Liñán, F.(2014).The future of research on entrepreneurial intentions.Journal of Business Research,67(5),663-666.
  38. Feldman, D.C.,Bolino, M.C.(2000).Career patterns of the self-employed: Career motivations and career outcomes.Journal of Small Business Management,38(3),53-68.
  39. Fiske, S.T.,Neuberg, S.L.(1990).A continuum of impression formation, from category-based to individuating processes: Influences of information and motivation on attention and interpretation.Advances in Experimental Social Psychology
  40. Fornell, C.,Larcker, D.F.(1981).Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error.Journal of Marketing Research,18(1),39-50.
  41. Fuller, B.,Liu, Y.,Bajaba, S.,Marler, L.E.,Pratt, J.(2018).Examining how the personality, self-efficacy, and anticipatory cognitions of potential entrepreneurs shape their entrepreneurial intentions.Personality and Individual Differences,125,120-125.
  42. GDA (Global Data Analysis) (2020), ‘Coronavirus (covid-19) executive briefing’, Global data.
  43. Gielnik, M.M.,Uy, M.A.,Funken, R.,Bischoff, K.M.(2017).Boosting and sustaining passion: A long-term perspective on the effects of entrepreneurship training.Journal of Business Venturing,32(3),334-353.
  44. Goyal, S.,Sergi, B.S.,Esposito, M.(2019).Literature review of emerging trends and future directions of e-commerce in global business landscape.World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development,15(1-2),226-255.
  45. Hair, J.F.,Black, W.C.,Babin, B.J.,Anderson, R.E.,Tatham, R.L.(2006).Multivariate Data Analysis.Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA:Pearson Prentice Hall.
  46. He, H.,Harris, L.(2020).The impact of covid-19 pandemic on corporate social responsibility and marketing philosophy.Journal of Business Research,116,176-182.
  47. Helfat, C.E.,Peteraf, M.A.(2015).Managerial cognitive capabilities and the microfoundations of dynamic capabilities.Strategic Management Journal,36(6),831-850.
  48. Hernández-Sánchez, B.R.,Cardella, G.M.,Sánchez-García, J.C.(2020).Psychological factors that lessen the impact of COVID-19 on the self-employment intention of business administration and economics’ students from Latin America.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,17(15),5293-5314.
  49. Hmieleski, K.M.,Baron, R.A.(2008).When does entrepreneurial self-efficacy enhance versus reduce firm performance?.Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal,2(1),57-72.
  50. Hmieleski, K.M.,Corbett, A.C.(2006).Proclivity for improvisation as a predictor of entrepreneurial intentions.Journal of Small Business Management,44(1),45-63.
  51. Hofmann, W.,Schmeichel, B.J.,Baddeley, A.D.(2012).Executive functions and self-regulation.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,16(3),174-180.
  52. Hu, L.T.,Bentler, P.M.(1999).Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives.Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal,6(1),1-55.
  53. Hunter, S.T.,Bedell, K.E.,Mumford, M.D.(2007).Climate for creativity: A quantitative review.Creativity Research Journal,19(1),69-90.
  54. Isiwu, P.I.,Onwuka, I.(2017).Psychological factors that influences entrepreneurial intention among women in Nigeria: A study based in South East Nigeria.The Journal of Entrepreneurship,26(2),176-195.
  55. Jansen, K.J,Kristof-Brown, A.(2006).Toward a multidimensional theory of personenvironment fit.Journal of Managerial issues,18(2),193-212.
  56. JHCRC (Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center) (2020), ‘Coronavirus COVID-19 global cases by the center for systems science and engineering’, (CSSE), USA: Johns Hopkins University.
  57. Jöreskog, K.G.,Sörbom, D.(1984).LISREL VI: Analysis of Linear Structural Relationships by the Method of Maximum Likelihood.Chicago, IL:National Educational Resources.
  58. Karimi, S.,Biemans, H.J.,Naderi Mahdei, K.,Lans, T.,Chizari, M.,Mulder, M.(2017).Testing the relationship between personality characteristics, contextual factors and entrepreneurial intentions in a developing country.International Journal of Psychology,52(3),227-240.
  59. Kline, R.B.(2005).Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling.NY, USA:The Guilford Press.
  60. Ko, S.,Butler, J.E.(2007).Creativity: A key link to entrepreneurial behavior.Business Horizons,50(5),365-372.
  61. Kristof-Brown, A.L.,Zimmerman, R.D.,Johnson, E.C.(2005).Consequences of individuals' fit at work: A meta-analysis of person-job, person-organization, person-group, and person-supervisor fit.Personnel Psychology,58(2),281-342.
  62. Krueger, N.F.(2017).Entrepreneurial intentions are dead: Long live entrepreneurial intentions.Revisiting the Entrepreneurial Mind,Cham, Switzerland:
  63. Kuah, A.T.,Wang, P.(2017).Fast-expanding "online" markets in South Korea and China: Are they worth pursuing?.Thunderbird International Business Review,59(1),63-77.
  64. Kuckertz, A.,Brändle, L.,Gaudig, A.,Hinderer, S.,Reyes, C.A.M.,Prochotta, A.,Berger, E.S.(2020).Startups in times of crisis - A rapid response to the COVID-19 pandemic.Journal of Business Venturing Insights,13,e00169.
  65. Kyndt, E.,Baert, H.(2015).Entrepreneurial competencies: Assessment and predictive value for entrepreneurship.Journal of Vocational Behavior,90,13-25.
  66. Lai, L.S.L.,To, W.M.(2020).E-Entrepreneurial intention among young Chinese adults.Asian Journal of Technology Innovation,28(1),119-137.
  67. Lechner, C.M.,Sortheix, F.M.,Obschonka, M.,Salmela-Aro, K.(2018).What drives future business leaders? How work values and gender shape young adults' entrepreneurial and leadership aspirations.Journal of Vocational Behavior,107,57-70.
  68. Lee, L.,Wong, P.K.,Der Foo, M.,Leung, A.(2011).Entrepreneurial intentions: The influence of organizational and individual factors.Journal of Business Venturing,26(1),124-136.
  69. Liguori, E.W.,Winkler, C.(2020).From offline to online: Challenges and Opportunities for Entrepreneurship Education following the COVID-19 pandemic.Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy,3(4),346-351.
  70. Maresch, D.,Harms, R.,Kailer, N.,Wimmer-Wurm, B.(2016).The impact of entrepreneurship education on the entrepreneurial intention of students in science and engineering versus business studies university programs.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,104,172-179.
  71. Martin, M.M.,Rubin, R.B.(1995).A new measure of cognitive flexibility.Psychological Reports,76(2),623-626.
  72. Martin, M.M.,Staggers, S.M.,Anderson, C.M.(2011).The relationships between cognitive flexibility with dogmatism, intellectual flexibility, preference for consistency, and self-compassion.Communication Research Reports,28(3),275-280.
  73. Mauer, R.,Neergaard, H.,Linstad, A.K.(2017).Self-efficacy: Conditioning the entrepreneurial mindset.Revisiting the Entrepreneurial Mind,Cham, Switzerland:
  74. McGee, J.E,Peterson, M.,Mueller, S.L.,Sequeira, J.M.(2009).Entrepreneurial self-efficacy: Refining the measure.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,33(4),965-988.
  75. McMullan, W.E.,Kenworthy, T.P.(2008).Creativity and Entrepreneurial Performance.Cham, Switzerland:Springer International Publishing.
  76. Mitchell, J.R.(Ed.),Mitchell, R.K.(Ed.),Randolph-Seng, B.(Ed.)(2014).Handbook of Entrepreneurial Cognition.MA, USA:Edward Elgar Publishing.
  77. Moore, A.,Malinowski, P.(2009).Meditation, mindfulness and cognitive flexibility.Consciousness and Cognition,18(1),176-186.
  78. Moriano, J.A.,Gorgievski, M.,Laguna, M.,Stephan, U.,Zarafshani, K.(2012).A cross-cultural approach to understanding entrepreneurial intention.Journal of Career Development,39(2),162-185.
  79. Newman, A.,Obschonka, M.,Schwarz, S.,Cohen, M.,Nielsen, I.(2019).Entrepreneurial self-efficacy: A systematic review of the literature on its theoretical foundations, measurement, antecedents, and outcomes, and an agenda for future research.Journal of Vocational Behavior,110,403-419.
  80. Nijstad, B.A.,De Dreu, C.K.,Rietzschel, E.F.,Baas, M.(2010).The dual pathway to creativity model: Creative ideation as a function of flexibility and persistence.European Review of Social Psychology,21(1),34-77.
  81. Nunally, J.C.(1978).Psychometric Theory.NY, USA:McGraw-Hill.
  82. Obschonka, M.,Stuetzer, M.,Audretsch, D.B.,Rentfrow, P.J.,Potter, J.,Gosling, S.D.(2016).Macropsychological factors predict regional economic resilience during a major economic crisis.Social Psychological and Personality Science,7(2),95-104.
  83. Parnell, D.,Widdop, P.,Bond, A.,Wilson, R.(2020).COVID-19, networks and sport.Managing Sport and Leisure,1-7.
  84. Podsakoff, P.M.,MacKenzie, S.B.,Lee, J.,Podsakoff, N.P.(2012).Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it.Annual Review of Psychology,63,539-569.
  85. Podsakoff, P.M.,MacKenzie, S.B.,Lee, J.Y.,Podsakoff, N.P.(2003).Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies.Journal of Applied Psychology,88(5),879-903.
  86. Podsakoff, P.M.,Organ, D.W.(1986).Self reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects.Journal of Management,12(4),531-544.
  87. Preacher, K.J.,Hayes, A.F.(2004).SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models.Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers,36(4),717-731.
  88. Pruett, M.,Shinnar, R.,Toney, B.,Llopis, F.,Fox, J.(2009).Explaining entrepreneurial intentions of university students: A cross-cultural study.International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research,15(6),571-594.
  89. Ratten, V.(2020).Coronavirus (Covid-19) and the entrepreneurship education community.Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy,14(5),753-764.
  90. Ritter, S.M.,Damian, R.I.,Simonton, D.K.,van Baaren, R.B.,Strick, M.,Derks, J.,Dijksterhuis, A.(2012).Diversifying experiences enhance cognitive flexibility.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,48(4),961-964.
  91. Roberts, R.P.,Wiebels, K.,Sumner, R.L.,van Mulukom, V.,Grady, C.L.,Schacter, D.L.,Addis, D.R.(2017).An fMRI investigation of the relationship between future imagination and cognitive flexibility.Neuropsychologia,95,156-172.
  92. Rosique-Blasco, M.,Madrid-Guijarro, A.,García-Pérez-de-Lema, D.(2018).The effects of personal abilities and self-efficacy on entrepreneurial intentions.International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal,14(4),1025-1052.
  93. Ruiz-Rosa, I.,Gutiérrez-Taño, D.,García-Rodríguez, F.J.(2020).Social entrepreneurial intention and the impact of COVID-19 pandemic: A structural model.Sustainability,12(17),6970-6986.
  94. Runyan, R.C.(2006).Small business in the face of crisis: Identifying barriers to recovery from a natural disaster.Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management,14(1),12-26.
  95. Salazar-Carvajal, P.F.,Herrera-Sánchez, I.M.,Rueda-Méndez, S.,León-Rubio, J.M.(2014).El efecto de la conservación de recursos sobre la intención emprendedora en el contexto de crisis económica: el rol moderador de la autoeficacia y la creatividad.Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology,30(2),549-559.
  96. Shane, S.,Venkataraman, S.(2000).The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research.Academy of Management Review,25(1),217-226.
  97. Shepherd, D.A.,Patzelt, H.(2018).Entrepreneurial Cognition: Exploring the Mindset of Entrepreneurs.IN, USA:Springer.
  98. Shinnar, R.S.,Giacomin, O.,Janssen, F.(2012).Entrepreneurial perceptions and intentions: The role of gender and culture.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,36(3),465-493.
  99. Shook, C.L.,Priem, R.L.,McGee, J.E.(2003).Venture creation and the enterprising individual: A review and synthesis.Journal of Management,29(3),379-399.
  100. Sobel, M.E.(1982).Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models.Sociological Methodology,13,290-312.
  101. Solesvik, M.Z.(2013).Entrepreneurial motivations and intentions: Investigating the role of education major.Education + Training,55(3),253-271.
  102. Spiro, R.J.,Collins, B.P.,Thota, J.J.,Feltovich, P.J.(2003).Cognitive flexibility theory: Hypermedia for complex learning, adaptive knowledge application, and experience acceleration.Educational Technology,43(5),5-10.
  103. Star, J.R.,Seifert, C.(2006).The development of flexibility in equation solving.Contemporary Educational Psychology,31(3),280-300.
  104. Sternberg, R.J.,Grigorenko, E.L.,Singer, J.L.(2004).Creativity: From Potential to Realization.Washington, DC:American Psychological Association.
  105. Tolentino, L.R.,Sedoglavich, V.,Lu, V.N.,Garcia, P.R.J.M.,Restubog, S.L.D.(2014).The role of career adaptability in predicting entrepreneurial intentions: A moderated mediation model.Journal of Vocational Behavior,85(3),403-412.
  106. Van Lange, P.A.(Ed.),Kruglanski, A.W.(Ed.),Higgins, E.T.(Ed.)(2012).Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology.London, UK:Sage.
  107. Veciana, J.M.,Aponte, M.,Urbano, D.(2005).University students’ attitudes towards entrepreneurship: A two countries comparison.The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal,1(2),165-182.
  108. Ward, T.B.(2004).Cognition, creativity, and entrepreneurship.Journal of Business Venturing,19(2),173-188.
  109. Williams, N.,Vorley, T.(2015).The impact of institutional change on entrepreneurship in a crisis-hit economy: The case of Greece.Entrepreneurship & Regional Development,27(1-2),28-49.
  110. Wilson, F.,Kickul, J.,Marlino, D.(2007).Gender, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial career intentions: Implications for entrepreneurship education.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,31(3),387-406.
  111. Winston, A.(2020).Is the COVID-19 outbreak a black swan or the new normal?.MIT Sloan Management Review,March 16
  112. Wood, R.,Bandura, A.(1989).Social cognitive theory of organizational management.Academy of Management Review,14(3),361-384.
  113. Zampetakis, L.A.(2008).The role of creativity and proactivity on perceived entrepreneurial desirability.Thinking Skills and Creativity,3(2),154-162.
  114. Zampetakis, L.A.,Gotsi, M.,Andriopoulos, C.,Moustakis, V.(2011).Creativity and entrepreneurial intention in young people: Empirical insights from business school students.The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation,12(3),189-199.
  115. Zapkau, F.B.,Schwens, C.,Steinmetz, H.,Kabst, R.(2015).Disentangling the effect of prior entrepreneurial exposure on entrepreneurial intention.Journal of Business Research,68(3),639-653.
  116. Zhao, H.,Seibert, S.E.,Hills, G.E.(2005).The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions.Journal of Applied Psychology,90(6),1265-1272.
  117. Zhao, H.,Seibert, S.E.,Lumpkin, G.T.(2010).The relationship of personality to entrepreneurial intentions and performance: A meta-analytic review.Journal of Management,36(2),381-404.
  118. Zheng, F.,Khan, N.A.,Hussain, S.(2020).The COVID 19 pandemic and digital higher education: Exploring the impact of proactive personality on social capital through internet self-efficacy and online interaction quality.Children and Youth Services Review,119,105694.
  119. Zhou, J.,George, J.M.(2001).When job dissatisfaction leads to creativity: Encouraging the expression of voice.Academy of Management Journal,44(4),682-696.
  120. Zhou, Q.,Hirst, G.,Shipton, H.(2012).Promoting creativity at work: The role of problem-solving demand.Applied Psychology,61(1),56-80.
  121. 楊筱筠（2020），肺炎激發年輕人創業，渣打：過半曾考慮未來半年內創業，經濟日報（2020 年 8 月 6 日）。https://udn.com/news/story/7238/4761052，（存取日期 2020/10/23）。
print cancel