馴化與觀看－唐、宋文人南方經驗中的疾病經驗與國族論述

Domestification and Observation-The Disease Experience and Discourse of Nation among the Tang, Sung Scholars' Southern Experience

10.6420/DHJHS.200507.0041

張蜀蕙(Shu-Hui Chang)

南方 ； 疾病 ； 唐宋 ； 柳宗元 ； 蘇軾 ； 黃庭堅 ； South ； disease ； Tang Sung Dynasty ； Liu Zong-Yuan ； Su Shi ； Huang Ting-Jian

東華人文學報

7期（2005 / 07 / 01）

41 - 84

繁體中文

唐、宋文人貶謫南方，來到文化、物候、風土人情迥異的環境，內心焦慮於疾病上爆發開來，南方的未開發、醫療資源不足，見諸於文人描述南方的文本。這些論述夾雜了真實與想像的南方經驗，以南方是充滿了令人驚懼的疾病，與疾病之不能控制，架構出一個他們存在的非我族類世界。由於他們成了沒有操控能力的病人，這種投射於國族想像的疾病書寫，是南方惡劣的自然與文化環境激發出來的。因此，南貶文人的疾病論述，表現了他們內心的恐懼：居於夷，爲夷所化；除此之外，更重要的是他們透過疾病展開國族論述，架構他們已失去的力量。另一方面，這些南貶文人透過疾病親身經歷南方，疾病，讓他們沒有任何躲藏的機會，疾病反而成爲他們思索人生的一個起點。根據本文的研究，唐宋兩代文人在南方的疾病論述取向是有所轉變的，唐人描述疾病的困擾與死亡逼臨的恐懼，宋人則多書寫養生禦瘴，可見由疾病書寫中國族論述的轉變，意味他們與南方的關係是由「馴化」、「被馴化」到「凝視」、「觀看」的過程。

The scholars of Tang, Sung Dynasty were banished to the south, the environment with a whole new kind of culture, products, and climate. Their innermost anxiety were burst out upon diseases. The barbarism and lack of medical apparatus was shown in the scholars' writings, which perform that the South is a world full of disease and which makes people frightened. These discourses were composed with both real southern experiences and imaginative ones. Seeing the uncontrollable disease in the South, they construct a ”non-native world” with a discourse of nation. They were suffering from the adverse environment, which reflects on their national and imaginative disease writing. Among it, they became patients without any dominating power in the South. The culture environment also deepened their inner distress, which they feel all the more in their disease. As a result, the banished scholars' discourse of disease which constructed in the southern life is not only for expressing what they fear in their mind-to live with the barbarians and be barbarized; what more important is that it is the way they reconstruct their lost dominating power. On the other hand, these banished scholars experienced the South through disease, which though never left them any chance to hide but at last, on the contrary, became a start for them to think about what life was to be. In terms of the study in this paper, the tendency of disease discourse of the scholars from Tang to Sung Dynasty actually made some changes. The Tang people described more about the annoyance of disease and the terror of death's approaching, and the Sung people wrote more about how to preserve one's health and to resist malaria. Thus it can be seen that the changes of disease writing is just the progress of their relationship with South-from domesticating, being domesticated, to staring, and observation.

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