Diachronic Change of the Wu Nasalized Diminutives: An Optimality-Theoretical Analysis with Partially Ordered Constraints

吳語鼻化小稱詞的歷時演變：「部分排序制約」的優選理論分析

10.6420/DHJHS.201207.0077

鄭明中(Ming-Chung Cheng)

小稱 ； 鼻化 ； 優選理論 ； 語言演變 ； 吳語 ； Diminutive ； nasalization ； Optimality Theory ； language variation ； Wu

東華人文學報

21期（2012 / 07 / 01）

77 - 115

英文

漢語方言小稱詞長久以來已為學術界廣泛討論。然而，大部分研究的缺點在於語料與理論脫離、共時與歷時二分。有鑑於此，本研究以優選理論為架構，分析吳語鼻化小稱詞的歷時演變。首先，本文歸納吳語鼻化小稱詞的共時變異及歷時演變階段。隨後，本文利用「輸出－輸出對應」與「部分排序制約」來分析吳語鼻化小稱詞。研究結果顯示，小稱詞的各個階段決定於一組相同制約（MAX［nas）, ANCHOR-SD（L）, MAX-SD, IDENT-SD［nas］, DEP-SD, *V（下標 nas）, *V（下標 oral）N）的不同排序。再者，小稱詞演變過程中的過渡階段可以透過兩組「決定性的不排序」（IDENT-BD［nas）～DEP-BD, IDENT-BD［nas］～MAX［nas］）來呈現。另外，小稱鼻音尾［-n］或［-ŋ］的選取亦可藉由一組決定性的不排序（*dorsal～*coronal）來進行說明。總之，本文不僅解釋語言演變的動機及語言變化的選擇性，更建立語料與理論之間的聯結。

Earlier studies related to Chinese diminutives usually fail to connect language descriptions to linguistic theories, fall into a synchrony/diachrony dichotomy, and is unable to capture the gradual transitions in diachronic change. In view of these weaknesses, this study desires to explore the Wu nasalized diminutives in terms of Output-Output Correspondence (OOC) and Partially Ordered Constraints (POC) in Optimality Theory (OT). This study first classifies the synchronic alternations and the diachronic stages of the Wu nasalized diminutives, and then puts them into the OOC and POC frameworks. It is indicated that the Wu nasalized diminutives in different diachronic stages result from reranking a common set of constraints (MAX[nas], ANCHOR-SD(L), MAX-SD, IDENT-SD[nas], DEP-SD, *V(superscript nas), *V(superscript oral)N), and that the transitional stages can be captured by two sets of crucial nonrankings (IDENT-BD[nas]~DEP-BD, IDENT-BD[nas]~MAX[nas]). Also, whether [-n] or [-ŋ] surfaces as the diminutive suffix results from a conflict between PoA markedness and language contact, and can also be coped with by a crucial nonranking (*dorsal～*coronal). Overall, this study shows that OOC and POC function well not only to capture the motivations in diachronic change and the optionality in language variation, but to bridge the gap between descriptive data and theoretical analyses.

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