“尋路績效自我評鑑量表”之發展

The Development of Self Evaluation Scale on Wayfinding Performance

10.7108/PT.200712.0355

陳建雄(Chien-Hsiung Chen)；張文智(Wen-Chih Chang)；張文德(Wen-Te Chang)

尋路 ； 虛擬實境 ； 心智地圖 ； Wayfinding ； VP/Virtual Reality ； Cognitive Map

測驗學刊

54卷2期（2007 / 12 / 01）

355 - 376

繁體中文

本研究旨在藉由發展、開發、測試與修訂尋路績效自我評鑑量表問卷，目的在建構一適用於台灣地區的尋路績效評鑑量表。除了量表的信效度檢驗外，更以探索式因素分析確認影響尋路績效的主要因素，透過預先規劃的3D虛擬導覽影片觀賞與心智地圖試題，進行問卷的鑑別力分析，比對實驗結果與受測者之「心智地圖」、「方向感」、「空間記憶」、「熟悉度」等能力間的相關性，再以概念圖像方式呈現因素間的相互關係。 共計發出問卷171份，回收有效問卷165份，有效回收率96.49%，年齡介於18至26歲之間，平均年齡19.69歲，標準差1.36。研究結果顯示，本問卷對於尋路績效與個別差異具有良好的鑑別力，研究發現「心智地圖」因素與俯瞰與路徑知識皆呈顯著差異。而且，俯瞰知識與路徑知識策略的尋路者，在「方向感」、「空間記憶」與「熟悉度」等三大尋路績效因素的表現上，呈現顯著差異。俯瞰知識尋路者主要是依賴「空間記憶」能力，而路徑知識策略尋路者主要則是依賴「方向感」與「熟悉度」能力。

The aim of this study was to develop, explore, test and modify the ”Self Evaluation Questionnaire on Wayfinding Performance.” On the purpose of constructing a performance evaluative tool for Taiwan district, despite the tests of validity and reliability, an explorative factor analysis was applied to confirm the main factors on the wayfinding performance. Additionally, the planned 3D VR (Virtual Reality) exhibition guiding film and cognitive map tests were designed for discrimination testing of the developed questionnaire. The experimental result was checked with the wayfinding factors naming, cognitive map, sense of direction, spatial memory, and familiarity, to reveal their con-elation in terms of difference and consistence. Finally, the conceptual model was presented to show the picture of the correlation of these key wayfinding factors. There were 171 copies of questionnaires distributed, and 165 returned. The responding percentage is 96.49%. The age of subject is among 18-26, 19.69 in average, and the standard deviation is 1.36. As the outcome indicates, this developed tool possesses a good discriminative power on wayfinding performance. Moreover, it was also found that the subjects may be distinguished by survey and route wayfinding cognitive strategies, and had different performance on the other factors. Survey knowledge way-finder tend to rely more on the spatial memory factors than the others, while the route knowledge way-finder tend to rely on the sense of direction, and familiarity factors than the spatial memory.

1. 許子凡(2004)。從空間概念分析虛擬實境的尋路。設計學研究，7(2)，43-57。
   連結：
2. AbuGhazzeh, T.(1996).Movement and wayfinding in the King Saud University built environment: A look at freshman orientation and environmental information.Journal of Environmental Psychology,16(4),303-318.
3. Aginsky, V.,Harris, C.,Rerisink, R.,Beusmans, J.(1997).Two strategies for learning a route in a driving simulator.Journal of Environmental Psychology,17(4),317-331.
4. Arthur, P.,Passini, R.(1992).Wayfinding: People, sign, and architecture.New York:McGraw-Hill.
5. Brown, L.,Lahar, C.J.,Mosley, J.(1998).Age and gender-related differences in strategy use for route information: A map-present direction-giving paradigm.Environment and Behavior,30,123-143.
6. Burns, P.(1998).Wayfinding errors while driving.Journal of Environmental Psychology,18(2),209-217.
7. Chase, W.G.,Chi, M.T.H.(1985).Cognitive skill: Implications in large-scale environments.Hilisdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
8. Chebat, J.,Gelinas-Chebat, C.,Therrien, K.(2005).Lost in a mall, the effects of gender, familiarity with the shopping mall and the shopping values on shoppers` way finding processes.Journal of Business Research,58(11),1590-1598.
9. Cooper, L.A.(1976).Individual differences in visual comparison processes.Perception and Psychophysics,19,433-444.
10. Darken, R.(1996).Navigating large virtual spaces.International Journal of Human-Computer interaction,8(1),49-71.
11. Darken, R.,Allard, T.,Achille, L.B.(1998).Spatial orientation and wayfinding in large-scale virtual spaces: An introduction.Presence-Teleoperators and Virtual Environments,7(2),101-107.
12. Darken, R.P.,Sibert, J.L.(1996).Wayfinding strategies and behaviors in large virtual worlds.Proceedings of ACM CHI 96.
13. Downs, R.(2001).Wayfinding behavior: Cognitive mapping and other spatial processes.Journal of Regional Science,41(3),553-556.
14. Eaton, G.(1991).Wayfinding in the library: Book searches and route uncertainty.RQ,30(4),519-527.
15. Evans, G.,Fellows J.,Zorn, M.,Doty, K.(1980).Cognitive mapping and architecture.Journal of Applied Psychology,65(4),474-478.
16. Ingwersen, P.(1982).Research procedures in the library: Analyzed from the cognitive point of view.Journal of Documentation,38(4),165-191.
17. Janzen, G.,Hawlik, M.(2005).Orientation in space: Findings about decision points.Zeus Chrift fur Psychologie,116(4),179-186.
18. Janzen, G.,Schade, M.,Herrmann, T.(2001).Strategies for detour finding in a virtual maze: The role of the visual perspective.Journal of Environmental Psychology,21,149-163.
19. Kaiser H.F.(1974).Little Jiffy, Mark IV, Educational and Psychology Measurement,34,100-117.
20. Kato, Y.,Takeuchi, Y.(2003).Individual differences in wayfinding strategies.Journal of Environmental Psychology,23(2),171-188.
21. Kitchin, R.M.(1997).Exploring spatial thought.Environment and Behavior,29,123-156.
22. Klippel, A.,Tappe, H.,Kulik, L,Lee, P.U.(2005).Wayfinding choremes: A language for modeling conceptual route knowledge.Journal of Visual Languages and Computing,16(4),311-329.
23. Lynch, K.(1960).The image of the city.Cambridge, MA:The Technology Press & Harvard University Press.
24. O`Neill, M.J.(1991).Effects of signage and floor plan configuration on wayfinding accuracy.Environment and Behavior,23(5),553-574.
25. Schmitz, S.(1997).Gender-related strategies in environmental development: Effects of anxiety on wayfinding in and representation of a three-dimensional maze.Journal of Environmental Psychology,17(3),215-228.
26. Vigil, P.J.(1988).Online retrieval: Analysis and strategy.New York:John Wiley & Sons.
27. 王年燦、陳佳欣(2004)。虛擬環境中跟隨鏡頭與尋路績效之關係研究。藝術學報，75，55-70。
28. 陳俊文、游萬來、邱上嘉(2003)。探路研究的方法及應用。設計研究，7，222-234。
29. 陳建雄、張晃銘、黃昱仁、蔡垂宏(2005)。後設認知與愉悅性於輔助尋路行為之探討－以平面虛擬遊戲展場為例。工業設計，33(2)，136-143。
30. 陳格理(1999)。圖書館尋路工作之理念與設計。中國圖書館學會會報，62，119-134。

1. 梁雅媜、林若慧(2011)。單車旅遊者的方向感與尋路策略關係之研究。戶外遊憩研究，24(3)，25-47。