中文版「環境關懷量表」之分析

Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Translation of Environmental Concern

張仁和(Jen-Ho Chang)；陳淑萍(Shu-Ping Chen)；陳柏融(Po-Jung Chen)；黃柏僩(Po-Hsien Huang)；林子堯(Tzu-Yao Lin)；趙軒甫(Hsuan-Fu Chao)

中文版「環境關懷量表」 ； 利環境行為 ； 氣候變遷 ； climate change ； pro-environmental behaviors ； The Chinese version of Environmental Concern

測驗學刊

60卷1期（2013 / 03 / 01）

211 - 237

繁體中文

全球氣候變遷是個日益嚴重的議題。Stern（1992a, 1992b）由價值觀切入，從個別差異的層面歸納出三大價值觀以探討利環境行為的產生；這三大價值觀分別為利己、利他和利自然。其後，Schultz（2000, 2001）以此概念進行工具編製，即為「環境關懷量表」（Environmental Concern）。此量表已被高度應用，並被翻譯成不同語言，且在跨文化研究中顯示出穩定的效度。因此，本研究將此量表翻譯成中文，並且分別在三個不同樣本（總人數為720人）藉由探索性與驗證性因素分析，均得到雷同的三因素結構，並可以預測相關利環境行為，顯示中文版「環境關懷量表」具有良好的信效度。結論亦針對環境關懷的研究與應用進行討論。

Global climate change is an important issue. Stern (1992a, 1992b) firstly investigated the climate change problem via value system and then focused on the three main values that related to pro-environmental behaviors. The three values are egoistic, altruistic, and biospheric. Based on Stern’s theory, Schlutz (2000, 2001) constructed the Environmental Concern scale with the three values as the main factors. The importance of this scale has been shown in a variety of cultures. The main purpose of the present research was to establish the Chinese version of the Environmental Concern. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the three factors solution by three samples (total sample size = 720). Good internal consistency and the relationships between environmental concerns and other pro-environmental behaviors indices were significant as expected. Potential theoretical and practical applications of the Chinese version of Environmental Concern were discussed.

1. Abrahamse, W.,Steg, L.(2009).How do socio-demographic and psychological factors relate to households' direct and indirect energy use and savings?.Journal of Economic Psychology,30,711-720.
2. Abrahamse, W.,Steg, L.,Vlek, C.,Rothengatter, T.(2007).The effect of tailored information, goal setting, and tailored feedback on household energy use, energy-related behaviors, and behavioral antecedents.Journal of Environmental Psychology,27,265-276.
3. Allcott, H.,Mullainathan, S.(2010).Behavior and energy policy.Science,327,1204-1205.
4. Arnocky, S.,Stroink, M.,DeCicco, T.(2007).Self-construal predicts environmental concern, cooperation, and conservation.Journal of Environmental Psychology,27,255-264.
5. Bin, S.(2005).Consumer lifestyle approach to US energy use and the related CO2 emissions.Energy Policy,33,197-208.
6. Clayton, S.,Brook, A.(2005).Can psychology help save the world? A model for conservation psychology.Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy,5,87-102.
7. Daamen, D. D. L.,Staats, H.,Wilke, H. A. M.,Engelen, M.(2001).Improving environmental behavior in companies: The effectiveness of tailored versus nontailored interventions.Environment and Behavior,33,229-248.
8. de Groot, J. I. M.,Steg, L.(2008).Value orientations to explain beliefs related to environmental significant behavior: How to measure egoistic, altruistic, and biospheric value orientations.Environment and Behavior,40,330-354.
9. Dietz, T.,Fitzgerald, A.,Shwom, R.(2005).Environmental values.Annual Review of Environment and Resources,30,335-372.
10. Dunlap, R. E.,Van Liere, K. D.(1978).New environmental paradigm.Journal of Environmental Education,9,10-19.
11. Dunlap, R. E.,Van Liere, K. D.,Mertig, A. G.,Jones, R. E.(2000).Measuring endorsement of the new ecological paradigm: A revised NEP Scale.Journal of Social Issues,56,425-442.
12. Fabrigar, L. R.,Wegener, D. T.,MacCallum, R. C.,Strahan, E. J.(1999).Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research.Psychological Methods,4,272-299.
13. Gatersleben, B.,Steg, L.,Vlek, C.(2002).Measurement and determinants of environmentally significant consumer behavior.Environment and Behavior,34,335-362.
14. Gifford, R.(2011).The dragons of inaction: Psychological barriers that limit climate change mitigation and adaptation.American Psychologist,66(4),290-302.
15. Gorsuch, R. L.(1997).Exploratory factor analysis: Its role in item analysis.Journal of Personality Assessment,68,532-560.
16. Griskevicius, V.,Tybur, J. M.,Van den Bergh, B.(2010).Going green to be seen: Status, reputation, and conspicuous conservation.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,98,392-404.
17. Hansla, A.,Gamble, A.,Juliusson, A.,Gärling, T.(2008).The relationships between awareness of consequences, environmental concern, and value orientations.Journal of Environmental Psychology,28,1-9.
18. Hu, L.-T.,Bentler, P.(1999).Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives.Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal,6,1-55.
19. Kaiser, F. G.,Schultz, P. W.(2009).The attitude-behavior relationship: A test of three models of the moderating role of behavioral difficulty.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,39,186-207.
20. Markus, H. R.,Kitayama, S.(1991).Culture and the self-implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.Psychological Review,98,224-253.
21. Milfont, T. L.(2009).The effects of social desirability on self-reported environmental attitudes and ecological behaviour.The Environmentalist,29,263-269.
22. Milfont, T. L.,Duckitt, J.,Cameron, L. D.(2006).A cross-cultural study of environmental motive concerns and their implications for proenvironmental behavior.Environment and Behavior,38,745-767.
23. Milfont, T. L.,Sibley, C. G.,Duckitt, J.(2010).Testing the moderating role of the components of norm activation on the relationship between values and environmental behavior.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,41,124-131.
24. Poortinga, W.,Steg, L.,Vlek, C.(2004).Values, environmental concern, and environmental behavior: A study into household energy use.Environment and Behavior,36,70-93.
25. Russell, D. W.(2002).In search of underlying dimensions: The use (and abuse) of factor analysis in personality and social psychology bulletin.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,28,1629-1646.
26. Saunders, C. D.(2003).The emerging field of conservation psychology.Human Ecology Review,10,137-149.
27. Schultz, P. W.(2001).The structure of environmental concern: Concern for self, other people, and the biosphere.Journal of Environmental Psychology,21,327-339.
28. Schultz, P. W.(2000).Empathizing with nature: The effects of perspective taking on concern for environmental issues.Journal of Social Issues,56,391-406.
29. Schultz, P. W.,Gouveia, V. V.,Cameron, L. D.,Tankha, G.,Schmuck, P.,Franek, M.(2005).Values and their relationship to environmental concern and conservation behavior.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,36,457-475.
30. Schultz, P. W.,Shriver, C.,Tabanico, J. J.,Khazian, A. M.(2004).Implicit connections with nature.Journal of Environmental Psychology,24,31-42.
31. Schultz, P. W.,Zelezny, L. C.(1998).Values and proenvironmental behavior: A fivecountry survey.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,29,540-558.
32. Schwartz, S. H.(1977).Normative influences on altruism.Advances in experimental social psychology,10,227-279.
33. Schwartz, S. H.(1992).Universals in the content and structure of values: Theory and empirical tests in 20 countries.Advances in experimental social psychology,25,1-65.
34. Schwartz, S. H.,Bilsky, W.(1987).Toward a universal psychological structure of human-values.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,53,550-562.
35. Singelis, T. M.(1994).The measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,20,580-591.
36. Steg, L.,Dreijerink, L.,Abrahamse, W.(2005).Factors influencing the acceptability of energy policies: A test of VBN theory.Journal of Environmental Psychology,25,415-425.
37. Steg, L.,Vlek, C.(2009).Encouraging pro-environmental behaviour: An integrative review and research agenda.Journal of Environmental Psychology,29,309-317.
38. Stern, P. C.(1992).Psychological dimensions of global environmental change.Annual Review of Psychology,43,269-302.
39. Stern, P. C.(2000).Toward a coherent theory of environmentally significant behavior.Journal of Social Issues,56,407-424.
40. Stern, P. C.(2011).Contributions of psychology to limiting climate change.American Psychologist,66,303-314.
41. Stern, P. C.(1992).What psychology knows about energy conservation.American Psychologist,47,1224-1232.
42. Stern, P. C.(2000).Psychology and the science of human-environment interactions.American Psychologist,55,523-530.
43. Stern, P. C.,Dietz, T.,Guagnano, G. A.(1998).A brief inventory of values.Educational and Psychological Measurement,58,984-1001.
44. Swim, J. K.,Clayton, S.,Howard, G. S.(2011).Human behavioral contributions to climate change: Psychological and contextual drivers.American Psychologist,6,251-264.
45. Swim, J. K.,Stern, P. C.,Doherty, T. J.,Clayton, S.,Reser, J. P.,Weber, E. U.,Gifford, R.,Howard, G. S.(2011).Psychology's contributions to understanding and addressing global climate change.American Psychologist,66,241-250.
46. Triandis, H. C.,Gelfand, M. J.(1998).Converging measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,74,118-128.
47. Triandis, H. C.,Suh, E. M.(2002).Cultural influences on personality.Annual Review of Psychology,53,133-160.
48. Trope, Y.,Liberman, N.(2010).Construal-level theory of psychological distance.Psychological Review,117,440-463.
49. Verbeek, P.(2009).Conservation psychology understanding and promoting human care for nature.Science,325,817-817.
50. Werner, C. M.,White, P. H.,Byerly, S.,Stoll, R.(2009).Signs that encourage internalized recycling: Clinical validation, weak messages and "creative elaboration.Journal of Environmental Psychology,29,193-202.

1. 徐美苓(2019)。風險感知、價值觀、議題傳播及空污防制行為意向。新聞學研究，138，25-73。