繁體中文版「簡式暗黑四特質量表」之發展與信效度考驗

The Development and Research of Traditional Chinese version of the Short Dark Tetrad (SD4-TC)

張益慈(Yi-Tzu Chang)；詹雨臻(Yu-Chen Chan)；陳學志(Hsueh-Chih Chen)

自戀 ； 虐待 ； 病態人格 ； 馬基維利主義 ； 暗黑特質 ； dark trait ； Machiavellianism ； narcissism ； psychopathy ； sadism

測驗學刊

68卷4期（2021 / 12 / 31）

287 - 316

繁體中文

暗黑四特質係指一組亞臨床範圍的社會厭惡特質，其中包含馬基維利主義、自戀、病態人格及虐待。高暗黑特質者可透過精妙的操控、攻擊或剝削他人以達到自利的目的，在人際關係中不得不慎防。然而，目前國內缺乏對暗黑特質概念的認識，亦缺乏一套可測量個人暗黑特質的正式量表。因此，本研究旨在引進Paulhus、Buckels、Trapnell與Jones（2020）編製的「簡式暗黑四特質量表」（The Short Dark Tetrad, SD4）並進行中文化修訂，發展一套繁體中文版「簡式暗黑四特質量表」（SD4-Traditional Chinese version,SD4-TC）。本研究以方便取樣蒐集資料，先以150位預試樣本項目分析結果進行選題，接著以333位大學生為正式樣本進行信效度分析。研究結果顯示，SD4-TC四因素結構各分量表具有良好的內部一致性（α= .64～.85）、再測信度（rs = .74～.85）與組合信度（CR = .65～.86）。驗證性因素分析結果顯示，SD4-TC具有合理適配的建構效度（RMSEA = .066，SRMR = .08）。以HEXACO性格模式、同理心、道德情意、敵意為效標，發現暗黑四特質具有良好之效標關聯效度，且均與誠實／謙遜性呈現顯著負相關。綜合上述，SD4-TC具有良好的信度與效度，不僅可作為跨文化比較研究之暗黑特質測量工具，亦可應用於教育心理、輔導諮商、職場人際等多樣化領域，或是輔以本土化心理治療工作的應用與本土暗黑特質理論模式的建立，具備多元應用價值。

Dark tetrad is a series of subclinical socially aversive traits, including Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy, and sadism. Individuals with high dark personality scores are skilled in manipulative, aggressive, or exploitative behaviors to achieve egoistic purposes in social contexts, hence shall be noticed in interpersonal relationships. The present study aims to develop a Traditional Chinese version of the Short Dark Tetrad (SD4-TC) that was originated by Paulhus, Buckels, Trapnell, & Jones (2020). In a pilot test, item analysis and EFA were applied to a reduced 25 item set (N = 150). In formal test (N = 333), results showed a good internal consistency reliabilities (α= .64-.85), test-retest reliabilities (r = .74-.85), and composite reliabilities (CR4 = .65-.86) for a 4 factor construct of the SD4-TC among college students. As for validity, a CFA showed acceptable-to-good model fit and construct validity for a four-factor solution (RMSEA = .066, SRMR = .08, CFI = .86). Taking the HEXACO personality model, empathy, affective morality, and hostility as criterions, results showed that SD4-TC has a good criterion-related validity and a negative correlation with honest- humility. In sum, the four-factor structure of SD4-TC yields good reliabilities and validities among college samples in Taiwan. The development of SD4-TC contributes to both academic and practical values in multiple domains such as educational psychology and counseling, and will in helping local psychotherapy and local theoretical development about dark personalities in the future.

1. 李琪明(2020)。多面向道德情意量表之發展與信效度考驗。教育心理學報，51(4)，561-583。
   連結：
2. 林明傑,黃冠豪(2017)。少年性侵者再犯危險評估量表之臺灣常模初探及其與病態人格量表之相關研究。性學研究，8，1-31。
   連結：
3. 林苡彤,程景琳(2010)。國中生關係攻擊加害者與受害者之規範信念、同理心與因應策略。臺東大學教育學報，21(2)，1-28。
   連結：
4. 翁嘉英,林宜美,呂碧鴻,陳秀蓉,吳英璋,鄭逸如(2008)。「短式華人敵意量表」之發展與信效度考驗。測驗學刊，55(3)，463-487。
   連結：
5. 董玉娟,林義屏,吳嘉芬(2013)。向下影響戰術、向上維持戰術與師徒利益關係之研究。中山管理評論，21(3)，579-623。
   連結：
6. Baumeister, R. F.,Campbell, W. K.(1999).The intrinsic appeal of evil: Sadism, sensational thrills, and threatened egotism.Personality and Social Psychology Review,3(3),210-221.
7. Buckels, E. E.,Jones, D. N.,Paulhus, D. L.(2013).Behavioral confirmation of everyday sadism.Psychological Science,24(11),2201-2209.
8. Buckels, E. E.,Trapnell, P. D.,Paulhus, D. L.(2014).Trolls just want to have fun.Personality and Individual Differences,67,97-102.
9. Campbell, W. K.,Miller, J. D.,Buffardi, L. E.(2010).The United States and the "culture of narcissism": An examination of perceptions of national character.Social Psychological & Personality Science,1,222-229.
10. Chabrol, H.,Leeuwen, N. V.,Rodgers, R.,Séjourné, N.(2009).Contributions of psychopathic, narcissistic, Machiavellian, and sadistic personality traits to juvenile delinquency.Personality and Individual Differences,47,734-739.
11. Christie, R.,Geis, F. L.(1970).Studies in Machiavellianism.New York, NY:Academic Press.
12. Cleckley, H. M. (1941). The mask of sanity: An attempt to reinterpret the so-called psychopathic personality. St. Louis, MO: C.V. Mosby. doi:10.1037/h0053042
13. Costa, P. T., Jr.,McCrae, R. R.(1992).Revised NEO personality inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI): Professional manual.Odessa, FL:Psychological Assessment Resource.
14. Davis, M. H.(1983).Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multi-dimensional approach.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,44,113-126.
15. Dutton, K.(2013).The wisdom of psychopaths : Lessons in life from Saints, spies and serial killers.London, UK:William Heinemann.
16. Egan, V.,Hughes, N.,Palmer, E. J.(2015).Moral disengagement, the dark triad, and unethical consumer attitudes.Personality and Individual Differences,76,123-128.
17. Fornell, C.,Larcker, D. F.(1981).Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error.Journal of Marketing Research,18(1),39-50.
18. Gorsuch, R. L.(1983).Factor analysis.Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
19. Hare, R. D.(1980).A research scale for the assessment of psychopathy in criminal populations.Personality and Individual Differences,1,111-119.
20. Hare, R. D.,Hart, T. J.,Harpur, T. J.(1991).Psychopathy and the DSM-IV criteria for antisocial personality disorder.Journal of Abnormal Psychopathy,100,391-398.
21. Hodson, G.,Book, A.,Visser, B. A.,Volk, A. A.,Ashton, M. C.,Lee, K.(2018).Is the dark triad common factor distinct from low honesty-humility?.Journal of Research in Personality,73,123-129.
22. Hogan, R.,Hogan, J.(2007).Hogan personality inventory manual.Tulsa, OK:Hogan Assessment Systems.
23. Hooper, D.,Coughlan, J.,Mullen, M. R.(2008).Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit.Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods,6(1),53-60.
24. Hsu, K. Y.(2010).Hsu, K. Y. (2010). Age differences of personality traits on HEXACO-PI-R from early adolescence to adulthood. Unpublished manuscript..
25. Jonason, P. K.,Lyons, M.,Bethell, E. J.,Ross, R.(2013).Different routes to limited empathy in the sexes: Examining the links between the dark triad and empathy.Personality and Individual Differences,54(5),572-576.
26. Jonason, P. K.,Strosser, G. L.,Kroll, C. H.,Duineveld, J. J.,Baruffi, S. A.(2015).Valuing myself over others: The dark triad traits and moral and social values.Personality and Individual Differences,81,102-106.
27. Jonason, P. K.,Webster, G. D.(2010).The dirty dozen: A concise measure of the dark triad.Psychological Assessment,22(2),420-432.
28. Jones, D. N.,Paulhus, D. L.(2014).Introducing the short dark triad (SD3): A brief measure of dark personality traits.Assessment,21(1),28-41.
29. Kiehl, K. A.,Hoffman, M. B.(2011).The criminal psychopath: History, neuroscience, treatment, and economics.Jurimetrics,51,355-397.
30. Konrath, S.,Bushman, B. J.,Grove, T.(2009).Seeing my world in a million little pieces: Narcissism, self-construal, and cognitive-perceptual style.Journal of Personality,77(4),1197-1228.
31. Konrath, S.,Meier, B. P.,Bushman, B. J.(2014).Development and Validation of the Single Item Narcissism Scale (SINS).PLoS ONE,9(8),e103469.
32. Kring, A. M.,Johnson, S.,Davison, G. C.,Neale, J. M.(2010).Abnormal psychology.Danvers, MA:John Wiley & Sons.
33. Lee, K.,Ashton, M. C.(2004).Psychometric properties of the HEXACO personality inventory.Multivariate Behavioral Research,39,329-358.
34. Lee, K.,Ashton, M. C.(2005).Psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and narcissism in the five-factor model and the HEXACO model of personality structure.Personality and Individual Differences,38(7),1571-1582.
35. Lee, K.,Ashton, M. C.(2006).Further assessment of the HEXACO personality inventory: Two new facets scales and an observer report form.Psychological Assessment,18,182-191.
36. Lee, K.,Ashton, M. C.(2012).The H factor of personality: Why some people are manipulative, self-entitled, materialistic, and exploitive-And why it matters for everyone.Canada:Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
37. Lee, K.,Ashton, M. C.,Wiltshire, J.,Bourdage, J. S.,Visser, B. A.,Gallucci, A.(2013).Sex, power, and money: Prediction from the dark triad and honesty-humility.European Journal of Personality,27(2),169-184.
38. Levenson, M. R.,Kiehl, K. A.,Fitzpatrick, C. M.(1995).Assessing psychopathic attributes in a noninstitutionalized population.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,68(1),151-158.
39. Lin, W.- L.,Hsu, K.-Y.,Chen, H.-C.,Chang, W.-Y.(2013).Different attentional traits, different creativities.Thinking Skills and Creativity,9,96-106.
40. Meisel, M. K.,Ning, H.,Campbell, W. K.,Goodie, A. S.(2016).Narcissism, overconfidence, and risk taking in U.S. and Chinese student samples.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,47(3),385-400.
41. Moshagen, M.,Hilbig, B. E.,Zettler, I.(2018).The dark core of personality.Psychological Review,125,656-688.
42. Muris, P.,Merckelbach, H.,Otgaar, H.,Meijer, E.(2017).The malevolent side of human nature: A meta-analysis and critical review of the literature on the dark triad (narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy).Perspectives on Psychological Science,12(2),183-204.
43. Paulhus, D. L.(2014).Toward a taxonomy of dark personalities.Current Directions in Psychological Science,23(6),421-426.
44. Paulhus, D. L.,Buckels, E. E.,Trapnell, P. D.,Jones, D. N.(2020).Screening for dark personalities: The short dark tetrad (SD4).European Journal of Psychological Assessment
45. Paulhus, D. L.,Williams, K. M.(2002).The Dark Triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy.Journal of Research in Personality,36,556-563.
46. Raskin, R.,Terry, H.(1988).A principal components analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and further evidence of its construct validity.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,54,890-902.
47. Thielmann, I.,Akrami, N.,Babarovi , T.,Belloch, A.,Bergh, R.,Chirumbolo, A.,Lee, K.(2019).The HEXACO-100 across 16 languages: A large-scale test of measurement invariance.Journal of Personality Assessment,102(5),714-726.
48. Wai, M.,Tiliopoulos, N.(2012).The affective and cognitive empathic nature of the dark triad of personality.Personality and Individual Differences,52(7),794-799.
49. 朱文艾（譯）,余欲弟（譯）,佛沃,費瑟(2018).為什麼他說謊,卻毫無罪惡感：看清愛人的謊言,化心痛為重生力量.臺北市:寶瓶文化.
50. 林麗冠（譯）,埃里克森(2019).無良這種病：瑞典行為科學家教你利用 DISA 性格學,徹底擺脫病態人格者的暗黑操控.臺北市:時報文化.
51. 耿耀國,孫群博,黃婧宜,朱遠征,韓曉紅(2015)。黑暗十二條與短式黑暗三聯征量表：兩種黑暗三聯征測量工具中文版的檢驗。中國臨床心理學雜誌，23，246-250。
52. 黃佩櫻(2012)。桃園市，中原大學。
53. 楊惠菁（譯）,維特(2018).當愛變成了情感操縱：從病態關係出走,找回自信與自在.臺北市:商周.
54. 蔡攀,左世江,王芳,黃旎雯,許燕(2017)。青少年暗黑人格對其幸福動機和幸福感的影響。中國特殊教育，12，60-67+82。
55. 蕭伊婷(2017)。彰化縣，大葉大學。

1. 詹雨臻,陳學志,張益慈(2022)。繁體中文版「獲得型－保護型自我監控量表」之發展與信效度考驗。測驗學刊，69(3)，167-196。