题名

流動性對不動產投資信託風險值績效之影響

并列篇名

Effect of Liquidity Risk on the Value-at-Risk Performance of Real Estate Investment Trusts

作者

朱香蕙(Hsiang-Hui Chu);鄒珮綺(Pei-Chi Tsou)

关键词

流動性風險 ; 非常態分配 ; 風險值 ; 不動產投資信託 ; liquidity risk ; non-normality ; Value-at-Risk ; REITs

期刊名称

住宅學報

卷期/出版年月

25卷1期(2016 / 06 / 01)

页次

1 - 18

内容语文

繁體中文

中文摘要

本文探討納入流動性因子是否能提高評估資產下方風險的能力。以香港不動產投資信託為樣本之實證結果顯示,只考慮資產價格將低估風險。採用Bangia et al.(2001)考量相對價差經驗分配之風險值模型,雖可改善傳統風險值模型低估風險的情形,但可能造成風險值高估的現象,顯示相對價差的歷史走勢不一定適用於風險評估期間。使用Ernst et al.(2012)納入報酬率與相對價差之偏態與峰態的風險值模型,能準確地評估資產之下方風險。綜合以上,流動性在評估不動產投資信託風險上扮演重要的角色,選擇具有描述風險因子分配彈性的模型評估不動產投資信託風險的績效較佳。

英文摘要

This paper examines the role of liquidity in improving the performance of the Valueat- Risk (VaR) approach on the basis of a sample of Hong Kong real estate investment trusts (REITs). Our empirical results show that the standard VaR method tends to underestimate the frequency of extreme events, resulting in the underestimation of investors’ risk exposure. The liquidity-adjusted VaR method, which incorporates the relative spread into the estimation, exhibits significant improved performance in measuring the risk of REITs. However, the liquidity-adjusted VaR method may overestimate the frequency of extreme events because it relies on historical data that might not reflect the future. Finally, we show that the Cornish-Fisher liquidity-adjusted VaR method proposed by Ernst et al. (2012) accurately measures down-side risk because it incorporates the fat-tail and skewness of return and bid-ask spread into the model. Overall, our results suggest the importance of the liquidity risk for risk management in REITs.

主题分类 社會科學 > 社會學
参考文献
  1. Cornish, E. A. & R. A. Fisher 1938"Moments and Cumulants in the Specification of Distributions," Review of the International Statistical Institute. 5: 307-320.
  2. Almgren, R.,Chriss, N. A.(1997).,未出版
  3. Bali, T. G.(2003).An Extreme Value Approach to Estimating Volatility and Value at Risk.Journal of Business,76(1),83-108.
  4. Bangia, A.,Diebold, F. X.,Schuermann, T.,Stroughair, J. D.(2001).Modeling Liquidity Risk with Implications for Traditional Market Risk Measurement and Management.US:Springer.
  5. Bao, Y.,Lee, T. H.,Saltoglu, B.(2006).Evaluating Predictive Performance of Value-at-Risk Models in Emerging Markets: a Reality Check.Journal of Forecasting,25(2),101-128.
  6. Basak, S.,Shapiro, A.(2001).Value-at-Risk Based Risk Management: Optimal Policies and Asset Prices.Review of Financial Studies,14(2),371-405.
  7. Below, S.,Kiely, J.,McIntosh, W.(1995).An Examination of Informed Traders and the Market Microstructure of Real Estate Investment Trusts.Journal of Real Estate Research,10(3),335-361.
  8. Berkowitz, J.(2000).Incorporating Liquidity Risk into Value-at-Risk Models.Journal of Derivatives,5,32-44.
  9. Bertin, W. J.,Kofman, P.,Michayluk, D.,Prather, L.(2005).Intraday REIT Liquidity.Journal of Real Estate Research,27(2),155-176.
  10. Bertsimas, D.,Lo, A.W.(1998).Optimal Control of Execution Costs.Journal of Financial Markets,1(1),1-50.
  11. Bhasin, V.,Cole, R. A.,Kiely, J. K.(1997).Changes in REIT Liquidity 1990-1994: Evidence from Intra-Day Transactions.Real Estate Economics,25(4),615-630.
  12. Bond, S. A.,Karolyi, G. A.,Sanders, A. B.(2003).International Real Estate Returns: A Multifactor, Multicountry Approach.Real Estate Economics,31(3),481-500.
  13. Brounen, D.,Eichholtz, P.,Ling, D.(2009).The Liquidity of Property Shares: An International Comparison.Real Estate Economics,37(3),413-445.
  14. Campbell, R.,Huisman, R.,Koedijk, K.(2001).Optimal Portfolio Selection in a Value-at-Risk Framework.Journal of Banking and Finance,25(9),1789-1804.
  15. Cannon, S. E.,Cole, R. A.(2011).Changes in REIT Liquidity 1988-2007: Evidence from Daily Data.Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics,43(1-2),258-280.
  16. Chau, K. W.,Wong, S. K.,Newell, G.(2003).Performance of Property Companies in Hong Kong: A Style Analysis Approach.Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management,9(1),29-44.
  17. Chordia, T.,Roll, R.,Subrahmanyam, A.(2000).Commonality in Liquidity.Journal of Financial Economics,56(1),3-28.
  18. Christoffersen, P. F.(1998).Evaluating Interval Forecasts.International Economic Review,39(4),841-862.
  19. Chung, R.,Fung, S.,Hung, S. Y. Hung(2012).Institutional Investors and Firm Efficiency of Real Estate Investment Trusts.Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics,45(1),171-211.
  20. Clayton, J.,MacKinnon, G.(1999).The Dynamic of REIT Liquidity in a Down Market.Real Estate Economics,16(3),36-43.
  21. Clayton, J.,MacKinnon, G.(2000).Measuring and Explaining Changes in REIT Liquidity: Moving beyond the Bid-Ask Spread.Real Estate Economics,28(1),89-115.
  22. Cosandey, D.(2001).Liquidity Adjusting Value-at-Risk for Market Liquidity.Risk-London-Risk Magazine Limited-,14(10),115-118.
  23. Dowd, K.(1998).Beyond Value at Risk: The New Science of Risk Management.Chichester:John Wiley.
  24. Dowd, K.(2005).Measuring Market Risk.Chichester:John Wiley.
  25. Ernst, C.,Stange, S.,Kaserer, C.(2012).Accounting for Non-Normality in Liquidity Risk.Journal of Risk,14(3),3-21.
  26. Ernst, C.,Stange, S.,Kaserer, C.(2009).CEFS Working PaperCEFS Working Paper,Center for Entrepreneurial and Financial Studies.
  27. Favre, L.,Galeano, J. A.(2002).Mean-Modified Value-at-Risk Optimization with Hedge Funds.Journal of Alternative Investments,5(2),21-25.
  28. Francois-Heude, A.,Wynendaele, P. V.(2001).Integrating Liquidity Risk in a Parametric Intraday VaR Framework.the 7th Belgian Financial Research Forum
  29. Giot, P.,Grammig, J.(2006).How Large is Liquidity Risk in an Automated Auction Market?.Empirical Economics,30(4),867-887.
  30. Golts, M.,Kritzman, M.(2010).Liquidity Options.Journal of Derivatives,18(1),80-89.
  31. Han, S.,Kin, W.,Wang, K.(1998).Institutional Investment in REITs: Evidence and Implications.Journal of Real Estate Research,16(3),357-374.
  32. Hendricks, D.(1996).Evaluation of Value-at-Risk Models Using Historical Data.Economic Policy Review Federal Reserve Bank of New York,2(1),39-67.
  33. Hull, J.,White, A.(1998).Value at Risk When Daily Changes in Market Variables Are Not Normally Distributed.Journal of Derivatives,5(3),9-19.
  34. Jarrow, R.,Subramanian, A.(1997).Mopping up Liquidity.Risk,10(12),170-173.
  35. Jorion, P.(1996).Risk2: Measuring the Risk in Value-at-Risk.Financial Analysts Journal,52(6),47-56.
  36. Kuester, K.,Mittnik, S.,Paolella, M.(2006).Value-at-Risk Prediction: A Comparison of Alternative Strategies.Journal of Financial Econometrics,4(1),53-89.
  37. Kupiec, P. H.(1995).Techniques for Verifying the Accuracy of Risk Measurement Models.Journal of Derivatives,3(2),73-84.
  38. Lin, C. Y.,Rahman, H.,Yung, K.(2009).Investor Sentiment and REIT Returns.Journal of Real Estate Finance Economics,39(4),450-471.
  39. Liow, K. H.(2008).Extreme Returns and Value at Risk in International Securitized Real Estate Markets.Journal of Property Investment and Finance,26(5),418-446.
  40. Liow, K. H.,Newell, G.(2012).Investment Dynamics of the Greater China Securitized Real Estate Markets.Journal of Real Estate Research,34(3),399-428.
  41. Longin, F. M.(2000).From Value at Risk to Stress Testing: The Extreme Value Approach.Journal of Banking and Finance,24(7),1097-1130.
  42. Lu, C.,Wu, S. C.,Ho, L. C.(2009).Applying VaR to REITs: A Comparison of Alternative Methods.Review of Financial Economics,18(2),97-102.
  43. Marcato, G.,Ward, C.(2007).Back from Beyond the Bid-Ask Spread: Estimating Liquidity in International Markets.Real Estate Economics,35(4),599-622.
  44. McNeil, A. J.,Frey, R.(2000).Estimation of Tail-Related Risk Measures for Heteroscedastic Financial Time Series: An Extreme Value Approach.Journal of Empirical Finance,7(3),271-300.
  45. Nelling, E.,Mahoney, J.,Hildebrand, T.,Goldstein, M.(1995).Real Estate Investment Trusts, Small Stocks and Bid-Ask Spreads.Real Estate Economics,23(1),45-63.
  46. Newell, G.,Wing, C.,Kei, W.(2004).The Level of Direct Property in Hong Kong Property Company Performance.Journal of Property Investment and Finance,22(6),512-532.
  47. Newell, G.,Wing, C.,Kei, W.,McKinnell, K.(2007).Factors Influencing the Performance of Hong Kong Real Estate Companies.Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management,13(1),75-86.
  48. Pastor, L.,Stambaugh, R.(2003).Liquidity Risk and Expected Stock Returns.Journal of Political Economy,111(3),642-685.
  49. Sadka, R.(2006).Momentum and Post Earnings Announcement Drift Anomalies: The Role of Liquidity Risk.Journal of Financial Economics,80(2),309-349.
  50. Schwann, G.,Chau, K. W.(2003).News Effects and Structural Shifts in Price Discovery in Hong Kong.Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics,27(2),257-271.
  51. Stange, S.,Kaserer, C.(2011).The Impact of Liquidity Risk: A Fresh Look.International Review of Finance,11(3),269-301.
  52. Stoll, H. R.(1978).The Pricing of Security Dealer Services: An Empirical Study of NASDAQ Stocks.Journal of Finance,33(4),1153-1172.
  53. Zangari, P.(1996).A VaR Methodology for Portfolios that Include Options.RiskMetrics Monitor,1,4-12.
  54. Zhou, J.,Anderson, R. I.(2012).Extreme Risk Measures for International REIT Markets.Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics,45(1),152-170.