貧富差異是否能夠解釋空屋率？動態追蹤資料模型的實證分析

Can Income Inequality Explain Housing Vacancy Rates? An Empirical Study using a Dynamic Panel Data Model

李明軒(Ming-Hsuan Lee)；林祖嘉(Chu-Chia Lin)

空屋率 ； 貧富差異 ； 動態追蹤資料模型 ； 臺灣 ； vacancy rate ； income inequality ； dynamic panel data model ； Taiwan

住宅學報

30卷2期（2021 / 12 / 01）

25 - 46

繁體中文

過去已有不少文獻研究臺灣高空屋率的成因，本研究推論貧富階層差異亦可能是造成高空屋率的原因之一。本研究使用「人口及住宅普查」之空閒住宅率、以及內政部不動產資訊平台的低度使用（用電）住宅比例來衡量各縣市之空屋率，建立縣市追蹤資料庫進行實證估計，估計方法為動態追蹤資料模型。估計結果顯示貧富差異的確是影響空屋率的因素之一，5等分位與10等分位所得差距倍數對於空屋率都有正向的顯著影響。其他變數，包括前期空屋率、住宅存量、房價成長率、所得成長率、自有住宅比率、失業率、農林漁牧人口比例對於空屋率都有顯著的影響。

This paper examines the determinants of housing vacancy rates in Taiwan for the past two decades, paying special attention to the role of income inequality. The data are drawn from the Population and Housing Census, the Real Estate Information Platform, the Statistical Books of Assessed Individual Income Tax Filing Data, the Survey of Family Income and Expenditure, and the Indicators of Municipalities and Counties (Cities) in Taiwan. The empirical methodology is a Dynamic Panel Data Model. The estimation results show that income inequality was indeed associated with higher housing vacancy rates, other factors held constant. Other variables, including the vacancy rates from the previous year, housing stock per capita, the growth rate of housing price, the growth rate of average annual disposable income, unemployment rate, the rate of home ownership, the percentage of employed persons in the agriculture, forestry, fishing, and animal husbandry sector were also significantly associated with the housing vacancy rates.

1. 花敬群, C. C.(2001)。自有率，空屋數量與住宅市場調整。住宅學報，10(2)，127-137。
   連結：
2. 彭建文, C. W.(2004)。台灣地區空屋狀況變遷與原因分析。住宅學報，13(2)，23-46。
   連結：
3. 彭建文, C. W.,張金鶚, C. O.(1995)。臺灣地區空屋現象與原因分析。住宅學報，3，45-71。
   連結：
4. (2021)。內政部不動產資訊平台2021 《住宅統計》(https://pip.moi.gov.tw/V3/E/SCRE0301.aspx )。Construction and Planning Agency, Ministry of the Interior 2021 “The Real Estate Information Platform,” (https://pip.moi.gov.tw/V3/E/SCRE0301.aspx).。https://pip.moi.gov.tw/V3/E/SCRE0301.aspx
5. 中華民國統計資訊網2020 《人口及住宅普查》(https://www.dgbas.gov.tw/np.asp?ctNode=2834)。Statistical Information Network of the Republic of China2020 “Population and Housing Census,” (https://www.dgbas.gov.tw/np.asp?ctNode=2834).
6. 中華民國財政部財政資訊中心2021 《綜合所得稅申報核定統計專冊》(https://www.fia.gov.tw/multiplehtml/43 )。Fiscal Information Agency, Ministry of Finance2021 “The Statistical Books of Assessed Individual Income Tax Filing Data,” (https://www.fia.gov.tw/multiplehtml/43 ).
7. (2021)。中華民國統計資訊網2021 《縣市重要統計指標》(https://statdb.dgbas.gov.tw/pxweb/Dialog/statfile9.asp)。Statistical Information Network of the Republic of China2021 “The Indicators of Municipalities and Counties (Cities) in Taiwan,” (https://statdb.dgbas.gov.tw/pxweb/Dialog/statfile9.asp).。https://statdb.dgbas.gov.tw/pxweb/Dialog/statfile9.asp
8. 中華民國統計資訊網2021 《家庭收支調查》(https://www.dgbas.gov.tw/np.asp?ctNode=2828)。Statistical Information Network of the Republic of China2021 “The Survey of Family Income and Expenditure,” (https://www.dgbas.gov.tw/np.asp?ctNode=2828). 2828
9. Alchian, A.,Aleen, W. R.(1964).Exchange and Production: Theory in Use.Belmont, California:Wadsworth Publishing Company.
10. Arellano, M.,Bover, O.(1995).Another Look at the Instrumental Variables Estimation of Error-Components Models.Journal of Econometrics,68,29-51.
11. Belsky, E. S.(1992).Rental Vacancy Rates and Rental Markets.Housing Economics,40,9-12.
12. Blundell, R.,Bond, S.(1998).Initial Conditions and Moment Restrictions in Dynamic Panel Data Models.Journal of Econometrics,87(1),115-143.
13. Gentili, M.,Hoekstra, J.(2019).Houses without People and People Without Houses: A Cultural and Institutional Exploration of An Italian Paradox.Housing Studies,34(3),425-447.
14. Griffiths, I. 2010 “Half a Million Houses are Lying Empty, Guardian Research Shows,” The Guardian. (http://www.theguardian.com/society/2010/apr/04/empty-houses-guardian-research).
15. Hoekstra, J.,Vakili‐Zad, C.(2011).High Vacancy Rates and Rising House Prices: The Spanish Paradox.Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie,102(1),55-71.
16. Hoekstra, J.,Vakili‐Zad, C.(2011).High Dwelling Vacancy Rate and High Prices of Housing in Malta a Mediterranean Phenomenon.Journal of Housing and the Built Environment,26(4),441-455.
17. Hsueh, L.M.,Tseng, H. P.,Hsieh, C. C.(2007).Relationship Between the Housing Vacancy Rate, Housing Price, and the Moving Rate at the Township Level in Taiwan, in 1990 and 2000.International Real Estate Review,10(1),119-150.
18. Lio, M. C.,Liu, M. C.,Ou, Y. P.(2011).Can the Internet Reduce Corruption? A Cross-Country Study Based On Dynamic Panel Data Models.Government Information Quarterly,28(1),47-53.
19. McClure, K.(2016).The Paradox of High Prices and High Vacancy Rates in US Housing Markets.23rd Annual European Real Estate Society Conference
20. Nadalin, V.,Igliori, D.(2017).Empty Spaces in The Crowd. Residential Vacancy in São Paulo’s City Centre.Urban Studies,54(13),3085-3100.
21. Newman, G.,Lee, R. J.,Gu, D.,Park, Y.,Saginor, J.,Van Zandt, S.,Li, W.(2019).Evaluating Drivers of Housing Vacancy: A Longitudinal Analysis of Large US Cities from 1960 to 2010.Journal of Housing and the Built Environment,34(3),807-827.
22. Roodman, D.(2006).How to Do xtabond2: An Introduction and “Difference” and “System” GMM in Stata.SAGA Journal,9(1),86-136.
23. Struyk, R. J.(1988).Understanding High Housing Vacancy Rates in a Developing Country: Jordan.The Journal of Developing Areas,22(3),373-380.
24. 林祖嘉, C. C.,張金鶚, C. O.,彭建文, C. W.(1994)。台灣地區空屋率與房價調整之均衡分析。國科會八十二年經濟學門專題研究成果發表會論文集
25. 翁惠英, H. Y.(2019)。國立臺中科技大學財政稅務系租稅管理與理財規劃碩士班=Department of Public Finance and Taxation, National Taichung University of Science and Technology。
26. 高資婷, T. T.(2015)。國立臺灣大學國家發展研究所=Graduate Institute of National Development, National Taiwan University。
27. 陳蕙瑩, H. Y(2013)。國立政治大學地政學系=Department of Land Economics, National Chengchi University。
28. 黃裕聰, Y. T.(2016)。國立臺中科技大學財政稅務系租稅管理與理財規劃碩士班=Department of Public Finance and Taxation, National Taichung University of Science and Technology。

1. 蔡嘉宣,郭芳彰(2023)。共享住宿對於台灣房屋市場之價量影響。住宅學報，32(2)，1-19。
2. (2024)。不動產有效稅率對不動產市場空屋率之影響：臺灣鄉鎮級資料之應用。都市與計劃，51(1)，29-51。