宗教的果報觀如何促進道德行為與社會利益：以演化賽局模型分析

How Religious Retributive Justice Improve Individuals' Moral Behavior and Social Benefit: Analyzed by a Evolutionary Game Theory

10.6429/FES.200806.0053

張榮富(Jung-Fu Chang)

因果報應 ； 宗教 ； 道德情緒 ； 演化賽局 ； 傳訊 ； 社會利益 ； virtue ； moral sentiments ； reputation ； retributive justice ； evolutionary game

教育與社會研究

15期（2008 / 06 / 01）

53 - 72

繁體中文

本文主旨在於以模擬的道德情緒演化賽局模型，探討宗教的「果報觀」如何促進道德行為與社會利益。首先，本文介紹法蘭克(Frank, 1988)結合道德情緒與心理學「配合法則」(Herrnstein, 1970)所型成的「名譽模型」。並介紹運用「名譽模型」討論「果報觀」如何透過奬懲、罪惡感和報應的機率三方面影響道德行為的近期研究（張榮富、鄭雅安，2007）。其次，根據前述研究，假設「果報觀」的信仰能增強法蘭克理論中的「名譽現象」，亦即信徒的「身份」可以成為內在德行的可靠外在「傳訊」特徵。將此假設帶入法蘭克的道德情緒演化賽局模型，模擬分析並討論果報觀在促進社會利益上所扮演的角色與價值。本文主要結論為：(1)果報觀信仰能增加短期與長期的社會整體利益。(2)果報觀信仰帶來的不是「社會正義」而是「社會利益」。最後本文亦以模型探討兩個相關問題：(a)為什麼在工業文明之前的富強國家多也是有果報觀信仰的國家？(b)為什麼信仰深者的「魔鬼的誘惑」（不義利得的誘惑）也將愈大?

The aim of this study is to extend Robert H. Frank's moral sentiments evolutionary game theory (1988) to discuss how religious retributive justice (Buddhism's ”karma”), which means ”good is rewarded with good and evil meets evil”, improve individuals' moral behavior and social benefit. Firstly, Frank's ”reputation model” and Herrnstein's ”matching law” are introduced for discussing that religious ”karma” affects individuals' moral behavior by three approaches: ”rewards and punishments”, ”the moral sentiment of guilt” and ”the possibility of punishment”. Secondly, it is assumed that retributive justice is able to strengthen the ”reputation phenomena”. This means that the ”identity” of believer himself can be a trustable signaling characteristic of inside morality. By this assumption, Frank's moral sentiments evolutionary game is re-simulated. The main findings of simulation are: (1) ”karma” not only can increase short-run but also long-run social benefit. (2) ”karma” (or retributive justice) does not bring social justice, although it brings social benefit. Two questions are discussed in the end. First, why, before the industry revolution, are most rich countries also those taken retributive justice belief? Second, does the deeper the belief of ”karma”, the higher the temptation from evil (the temptation from injustice benefit)?

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