流動的成年禮：中國西南的毒品與愛滋病

Navigating Youthfulness: Heroin and AIDS in Southwest China

10.6464/TJSSTM.201204.0077

劉紹華(Shao-Hua Liu)

愛滋病 ； 毒品 ； 青年 ； 文化差異 ； 中國 ； AIDS ； Drugs ； Youth ； Cultural Difference ； China

科技醫療與社會

14期（2012 / 04 / 01）

77 - 112

繁體中文

愛滋病可視為人類史上全球化程度至深且廣的一種流行病。但它在不同地區或人群間的傳播型態與應對方式卻極具差異。本文分析諾蘇年輕男子性別認同與生命轉型的過程，理解為何自1990年代以來，中國四川省境內一個貧窮偏遠、高海拔的少數民族聚落，成為海洛因與愛滋病問題的重災區。經過長達二十個月的民族誌田野調查，本研究認為這些問題之所以會出現，是當代中國面臨劇烈政治經濟變遷，由於文化衝擊與族群對立關係等複雜因素的糾葛，加上年輕人在生命轉型過程中發展主體性的嘗試時，所出現的一個不幸撞擊結果。這個複雜的社會過程突顯出一種全球的流行病，在多元文化的社會中可能出現的多重面貌。

HIV/AIDS is regarded as one of the most globalized epidemics in human history. Yet its transmission patterns and the social responses to it have been diverse among various localities and peoples. By examining the masculine identity and life transitions among male youths, this article seeks to answer why the Nuosu people in high mountains of Sichuan Province in Southwest China has a disproportionately large number of heroin users and HIV positive individuals relative to other peoples since the 1990s. Based on over twenty months of ethnographic research in a rural community, this research posits these problems as an unfortunate consequence of a highly complex social process in which drastic political economic changes, cultural and ethnic conflicts, as well as rising individuality among the young are intertwined. This convoluted social process illustrates a distinct case of the so-call AIDS pandemic in a multicultural and multiethnic society.

1. 劉紹華(2010)。從珍品到毒品：鴉片類物質的道德經濟學。中國飲食文化，6(1)，27-61。
   連結：
2. Mead, Margaret (1928). Coming of Age in Samoa: a Psychological Study of Primitive Youth for Western Civilisation. New York: William Morrow.
3. Baer, Hans A.,Singer, Merrill,Susser, Ida(1997).Medical Anthropology and the World System: A Critical Perspective.Westport, CT:Bergin & Garvey.
4. Bourgois, Philippe(2003).In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
5. Bourgois, Philippe,Bruneau, Julie(2000).Needle Exchange, HIV Infection, and the Politics of Science: Confronting Canada's Cocaine Injection Epidemic with Participant Observation.Medical Anthropology,18,325-350.
6. Boyle, Paul,Halfacree, Keith,Robinson, Vaughan(1998).Exploring Contemporary Migration.Harlow:Longman.
7. Butt, Leslie(ed.),Eves, Richard(ed.)(2008).Making Sense of AIDS: Culture, Sexuality, and Power in Melanesia.Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press.
8. China-UK HIV/AIDS Prevention and Care Project(2001).,The UK Department for International Development=DIFD.
9. Davis, Mark(ed.),Squire, Corinne(ed.)(2010).HIV Treatment and Prevention Technologies in International Perspective.Basingstoke, Hampshire:Palgrave Macmillan.
10. Donaldson, Mike(ed.)(2009).Migrant Men: Critical Studies of Masculinities and the Migration Experience.New York:Routledge.
11. Farmer, Paul(1992).AIDS and Accusation: Haiti and the Geography of Blame.Berkeley:University of California Press.
12. Farmer, Paul(1999).Infections and Inequalities: The Modern Plagues.Berkeley:University of California Press.
13. Farmer, Paul(ed.),Connors, Margaret(ed.),Simmons, Janie(ed.)(1996).Women, Poverty, and AIDS: Sex, Drugs, and Structural Violence.Monroe, ME:Common Courage Press.
14. Halfacree, Keith,Boyle, Paul(1993).The Challenge Facing Migration Research: The Case for a Biographical Approach.Progress in Human Geography,17(3),333-348.
15. Harrell, Stevan(ed.)(2001).Perspectives on the Yi of Southwest China.Berkeley:University of California Press.
16. Herdt, Gilbert H.,Lindenbaum, Shirley(1992).The Time of AIDS: Social Analysis, Theory, and Method.Newbury Park, CA:Sage Publications.
17. Kaufman, Joan(ed.),Kleinman, Arthur(ed.),Saich, Tony(ed.)(2006).AIDS and Social Policy in China.Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Asia Center.
18. Kaufman, Joan,Jing, Jun(2002).China and AIDS - the Time to Acts Is Now.Science,96(5577),2339-2340.
19. Kleinman, Arthur(1995).Writing at the Margin: Discourse between Anthropology and Medicine.Berkeley:University of California Press.
20. Kleinman, Arthur(ed.),Das, Veena(ed.),Lock, Margaret M.(ed.)(1997).Social Suffering.Berkeley:University of California Press.
21. Koester, Stephen,Hoffer, L.(1994)."Indirect Sharing": Additional HIV Risks Associated with Drug Injection.AIDS and Public Policy Journal,9(2),100-104.
22. Kotabba, Joseph A.(1990).Ethnography and AIDS: Returning to the Streets.Journal of Contemporary Ethnography,19(3),259-270.
23. Liu, Shao-hua(2011).Passage to Manhood: Youth Migration, Heroin, and AIDS in Southwest China.Stanford, California:Stanford University Press.
24. Liu, Shao-hua(2009).Contested AIDS Stigmatization in Southwest China.Human Organization,68(4),395-405.
25. Marshall, Patricia Loomis(ed.),Singer, Merrill(ed.),Clatts, Michael C.(ed.)(1999).Integrating Cultural, Observational, and Epidemiological Approaches in the Prevention of Drug Abuse and HIV/AIDS.Bethesda, MD:National Institute on Drug Abuse.
26. Ní Laoire, Caitríona(2000).Conceptualising Irish Rural Youth Migration: A Biographical Approach.International Journal of Population Geography,6(3),229-243.
27. Parker, Richard(2001).Sexuality, Culture, and Power in HIV/AIDS Research.Annual Review of Anthropology,30,163-179.
28. Parker, Richard(1994).Sexual Cultures, HIV Transmission, and AIDS Prevention.AIDS,8(Suppl. 1),S309-314.
29. Pun, Ngai(2005).Made in China: Women Factory Workers in a Global Workplace.Durham:Duke University Press.
30. Ray, Oakley Stern,Ksir, Charles(2004).Drugs, Society, and Human Behavior.New York:McGraw-Hill.
31. Schoepf, Brooke G.(2001).International AIDS Research in Anthropology: Taking a Critical Perspective on the Crisis.Annual Review of Anthropology,30,335-361.
32. Singer, Merrill(1999).The Ethnography of Street Drug Use before AIDS: A Historical Review.Integrating Cultural, Observational, Epidemiological Approaches in the Prevention of Drug Abuse and HIV/AIDS
33. Singer, Merrill(ed.)(2006).The Face of Social Suffering: The Life History of a Street Drug Addict.Long Grove, IL:Waveland Press.
34. Singer, Merrill(ed.)(1998).The Political Economy of AIDS.Amityville, NY:Baywood.
35. Stockdale, Aileen(2002).Towards a Typology of Out-migration from Peripheral Areas: A Scottish Case Study.International Journal of Population Geography,8(5),345-364.
36. Ten Brummelhuis, Han,Herdt, Gilbert H.(1995).Culture and Sexual Risk: Anthropological Perspectives on AIDS.Amsterdam:Gordon and Breach Publishers.
37. Treichler, Paula A.(1999).How to Have Theory in an Epidemic: Cultural Chronicles of AIDS.Durham:Duke University Press.
38. Turner, Victor(1967).The Forest of Symbols: Aspects of Ndembu Ritual.Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press.
39. Turner, Victor(1969).The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure.Chicago:Aldine.
40. UNAIDS(2002).,Beijing:UN Theme Group on HIV/AIDS in China.
41. Van Gennep, Arnold(1960).The Rites of Passage.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
42. Vance, Carole S.(1989).Social Construction Theory: Problems in the History of Sexuality.Homosexuality, Which Homosexuality?: International Conference on Gay and Lesbian Studies,London:
43. Willis, Katie(ed.),Yeoh, Brenda(ed.)(2000).Gender and Migration.Cheltenham, UK:Edward Elgar.
44. Zhou, Yongming(1999).Anti-Drug Crusades in Twentieth-Century China: Nationalism, History, and State Building.Lanham, MD:Rowman & Littlefield.
45. 周平編、林昱瑄編(2010)。質性／別研究。台北:巨流。
46. 林耀華(2003)。涼山夷家。昆明:雲南人民出版社。
47. 馬長壽(2006)。涼山羅彝考察報告（上）。成都:四川出版集團。
48. 馬長壽(2006)。涼山羅彝考察報告（下）。成都:四川出版集團。

1. 李宜澤(2014)。「文化病源」的破解與重建：簡評劉紹華《我的涼山兄弟：毒品、愛滋與流動青年》。科技、醫療與社會，19，225-232。