A Third-Generation Mingei (Folk-Craft) Potter's Use of Traditional and Modern Technologies in Japan

傳統與現代科技的交纏：以日本第三代民藝工作者為例

10.6464/TJSSTM.201410_(19).0003

Joel Stocker

技術 ； 民藝運動 ； 民藝 ； 陶藝 ； 傳統 ； 柳宗悅 ； folk-crafts movement ； mingei ； pottery ； tradition ； Yanagi Muneyoshi

科技醫療與社會

19期（2014 / 10 / 01）

117 - 175

英文

日本民藝運動始於1920年代，而此乃是建立在一種想像之上—即前現代東亞的鄉土工藝傳統代表著真正的過去，而純真與實用美學是其村社和諧的體現。正如其它典型的被發明的傳統，此種認為工業化前的社會與技術具有高貴特性的想像，自始即存有許多矛盾，而這是因為民藝的物質與象徵文化再生產均植基於現代技術及資本主義。民藝運動發展出三種類型的民藝：東亞「不可考」藝匠的「古老民藝」、具藝術感而兼融傳統與現代，並具類似師徒傳承的默會知識技藝的「工藝家民藝」，以及改良式的農人工匠小規模工廠製造的「新式民藝」。本文探討民藝運動及此三種民藝，並分析第三代民藝陶藝家如何在這些矛盾中進行協商。作者指出「地方」之於實現民藝技藝的意涵，及默會與明會知識在製作、鑑賞及行銷民藝的重要。

The Japanese mingei (folk-craft) movement began in the 1920s based on the notion that the rural crafts of premodern East Asia represented an authentic past of innocent utility and beauty among communal folk. Typical of invented traditions, this romantic vision of pre-industrial community and technology was contradicted by the modern processes of its material and symbolic reproduction. Three types of mingei emerged: old mingei attributed to ＂unknown＂ craftspeople of premodern East Asia, art-craft mingei created by individuals who used modern technology and apprentice modes of tacit learning, and new-mingei based on reforms in small-scale factory goods manufactured by farmer-potters. This article examines this movement and the three types of mingei, and then analyzes a third-generation mingei craftartist's negotiation of these. The author highlights the significance of place in materializing mingei craft, and the importance of both tacit and explicit knowledge in making, appreciating, and selling mingei.

1. 林承緯(2008)。顏水龍的台灣工藝復興運動與柳宗悅─生活工藝運動之比較研究。藝術評論，18，167-195。
   連結：
2. Yanagi, Sōetsu [Muneyoshi] (1961). Works of the Artist and Mingei (translated by Mimura Kyoko). Japan Folk Crafts (Mingei) Museum. http://www.mingeikan.or.jp/english/html/works-of-artist-and-mingei.html(Retrieved: October 9, 2012).
3. Adamson, Glenn(ed.)(2010).The Craft Reader.Oxford:Berg Publishers.
4. Anderson, Benedict R.(1983).Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism.London:Verso.
5. Boris, Eileen(1986).Art and Labor.Philadelphia:Temple U Press.
6. Bourdieu, Pierre(1984).Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste.Cambridge, Massachusetts:Harvard University Press.
7. Brandt, Lisbeth K.(2007).Kingdom of Beauty: Mingei and the Politics of Folk Art in Imperial Japan.Durham:Duke University Press.
8. Bray, Francesca(2010).Connecting with the Past? A Commentary.East Asian Science, Technology and Society: an International Journal,4,327-333.
9. Bray, Francesca(ed.),Dorofeeva-Lichtmann, Vera(ed.),Métailie, Georges(ed.)(2007).Graphics and Text in the Production of Technical Knowledge in China: The Warp and the Weft.Leiden:Brill.
10. Clammer, John R.(1995).Difference and Modernity: Social Theory and Contemporary Japanese Society.London:Kegan Paul International.
11. Clark, S. H.(ed.),Suzuki, Masashi(ed.)(2006).The Reception of Blake in the Orient.London:Continuum.
12. Collins, Harry(2001).Tacit Knowledge, Trust, and the Q of Sapphire.Social Studies of Science,31,171-85.
13. Collins, Harry M.(1974).The TEA Set: Tacit Knowledge and Scientific Networks.Social Studies,4,165-186.
14. Coy, Michael William(ed.)(1989).Apprenticeship: From Theory to Method and Back Again.Albany:State University of New York Press.
15. de la Paz, Cecilia S.(2006).Mingei: The Aesthetics and Politics of Japanese Folk Art.Negotiating Globalization in Asia,Quezon City:
16. Eagleton, Terry(1990).The Ideology of the Aesthetic.Oxford, UK:Blackwell.
17. Graham, Patricia Jane(2007).Faith and Power in Japanese Buddhist Art, 1600-2005.Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press.
18. Handler, Richard(1988).Nationalism and the Politics of Culture in Quebec.Madison:University of Wisconsin Press.
19. Hobsbawm, Eric,Ranger, Terence O.(1983).The Invention of Tradition.New York:Cambridge University Press.
20. Jasanoff, S.(ed.),Markle, G.(ed.),Petersen, J.(ed.),Pinch, T.(ed.)(1995).Handbook of Science and Technology Studies.Thousand Oaks, CA:SAGE Publications, Inc..
21. Kida, Takuya(2013).Japanese-ness/Asian-ness in Crafts in the 1920s-30s: From the Works in Government Sponsored Competitive Exhibition, Teiten.Proceedings of the 2013 Yunlin Symposium & Workshop,Yunlin, Taiwan:
22. Kikuchi, Yuko(2004).Japanese Modernisation and Mingei Theory: Cultural Nationalism and Oriental Orientalism.London:RoutledgeCurzon.
23. Kikuchi, Yuko(ed.)(2007).Refracted Modernity: Visual Culture and Identity in Colonial Taiwan.Honolulu:University of Hawaii Press.
24. Kim, Yung Sik(2010).Specialized Knowledge in Traditional East Asian Contexts: STS and the History of East Asian Science.East Asian Science, Technology and Society: an International Journal,4,179-183.
25. Kumakura, Isao(1979).A Toscin for Our Times: The Mingei Undo.Japan Interpreter,12,445-448.
26. Marcus, George E.,Fischer, Michael M. J.(1986).Anthropology As Cultural Critique: An Experimental Moment In The Human Sciences.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
27. Moeran, Brian(1997).Folk Art Potters of Japan: Beyond an Anthropology of Aesthetics.Honolulu, Hawaii:University of Hawai'i Press.
28. Moeran, Brian(1984).Lost Innocence: Folk Craft Potters of Onta, Japan.Berkeley:University of California Press.
29. Moeran, Brian(1987).The Art World of Contemporary Japanese Ceramics.Journal of Japanese Studies,13(1),27-50.
30. Moeran, Brian(1981).Yanagi Muneyoshi and the Japanese Folk Craft Movement.Asian Folklore Studies,40(1),87-99.
31. Morishita, Ryozo(1994).Design Research: Bauhaus and Mingei.Nagoya, Japan:Nagoya Municipal Women's College.
32. Muneyoshi, Yanagi(1984)。Mingei Yonjūnen。Tōkyō:Iwanami Shoten。
33. Murakami, Yasusuke(1988).The Debt Comes Due for Mass Higher Education.Japan Echo,15(3),71-80.
34. Oguma, Eiji(1998)。「日本人」の境界―沖縄・アイヌ・台湾・朝鮮 植民地支配から復帰運動まで。Tōkyō:新曜社=Shin'y?sha。
35. Peterson, Susan(1974)。Shoji Hamada: A Potter's Way and Work。Tōkyō:Kodansha International。
36. Polanyi, Michael(1962).Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-critical Philosophy.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
37. Ruttkowski, Wolfgang Victor(2007).Essays on Aesthetics, Poetics and Terminology of Literary Studies.München:GRIN Verlag.
38. Tansman, Alan(ed.)(2009).The Culture of Japanese Fascism.Durham:Duke University Press.
39. Vlastos, Stephen(ed.)(1998).Mirror of Modernity: Invented Traditions of Modern Japan.Berkeley:University of California Press.
40. Vygotsky, Lev S.(1962).Thought and Language.Cambridge, MA:Massachussetts Institute of Technology Press.
41. Williams, Raymond(1958).Culture and Society: 1780-1950.New York:Columbia University Press.
42. Yamashita, Shinji(ed.),Bosco, Joseph(ed.),Eades, J. S.(ed.)(2004).The Making of Anthropology in East and Southeast Asia.New York:Berghahn Books.
43. Yanagi, Muneyoshi,Leach, Bernard(adapted)(1972).The Unknown Craftsman: A Japanese Insight into Beauty.Tōkyō:Kodansha International.
44. Yanagi, Sōetsu(1981)。柳宗悦全集 著作篇。Tōkyō:筑摩書房=Chikuma Shob?。
45. 寺田和夫(1981)。日本の人類学。東京=Tōkyō:角川書店=Kadokawa Shoten。
46. 初沢敏生(2004)。福島県会津本郷陶磁器業の特徴と課題。福島大学教書学部論集，74，1-11。
47. 柳宗悦、水尾比呂志解説(1984)。民藝四十年。東京=Tōkyō:岩波文庫。

1. 齊偉先(2020)。工藝與藝術的距離：一個社會學取徑的解讀。清華藝術學報，2，1-18。