拼裝公民科技：黑客、鄉民、與資料行動主義

Assembling Civic Technologies: Hackers, Netizens, and Data Activism

10.6464/TJSSTM.202210_(35).0004

李梅君(Mei-Chun LEE)

資料 ； 拼裝 ； 公民科技 ； 零時政府 ； 資料行動主義 ； data ； assemblage ； civic technologies ； g0v ； data activism

科技醫療與社會

35期（2022 / 10 / 01）

115 - 166

繁體中文

本文檢視臺灣公民科技社群「g0v零時政府」所發動的數位行動「開放政治獻金」，並探索「開放政府資料」如何作為一個政治的過程與實踐。開放政治獻金由零時政府黑客們打造數位工具，並邀請網路鄉民加入數位化政治獻金報告書的任務，將原本被「關在」監察院裡的報告書，轉化為線上可以批次下載、分析、使用的開放資料集，進而挑戰臺灣民主化過程中黑金政治的陋習。本文指出，資料透過群眾外包的工具與方法，集結了人、機器、程式、訊號，形成一個行動的拼裝，並引發了一場政治的行動。本文借用拼裝的概念，指出政治獻金資料的政治能量並非來自它們所呈現的事實，而是資料如何集結與轉譯、拼裝與連結。資料吸引了群眾的參與協作，讓它不再只是事實再現的一種形式，而是一個政治的過程與實踐，更催生出新型態的數位參與式公民。

This article examines Campaign Finance Digitization (CFD), a data initiative launched by the civic tech community g0v (pronounced gov zero) in Taiwan. This initiative crowdsourced xiangmin (netizens) to transcribe campaign finance reports from physical documents to digital datasets to bring transparency to the bribery and corruption in politics in post-authoritarian Taiwan. The crowdsourcing technology used by CFD harnessed an assemblage of humans, machines, codes, and signals around the data; turned this gathering of human and nonhuman actors into a political movement; and made the data into a political process and practice. The political significance of CFD lies not in the ＂facts＂ produced from the data but in the collaborative practice of opening up the data. With mass participation, the data moved beyond the descriptive form of representation to produce a new type of digital participatory citizenship.

1. 葉俊榮(2003)。民主轉型與金錢政治的法律因應。國家發展研究，2(2)，1-29。
   連結：
2. Bennett, Jane(2010).Vibrant Matter.Durham:Duke University Press.
3. Bennett, W. Lance,Segerberg, Alexandra(2012).The Logic of Connective Action: Digital Media and the Personalization of Contentious Politics.Information, Communication & Society,15(5),739-768.
4. Boellstorff, Tom(2008).Coming of Age in Second Life: An Anthropologist Explores the Virtually Human.Princeton:Princeton University Press.
5. Bonilla, Yarimar,Rosa, Jonathan(2015).#Ferguson: Digital Protest, Hashtag Ethnography, and the Racial Politics of Social Media in the United States.American Ethnologist,42(1),4-17.
6. Bowker, Geoffrey C.(2005).Memory Practices in the Sciences.Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.
7. boyd, danah,Crawford, Kate(2012).Critical Questions for Big Data: Provocations for a Cultural, Technological, and Scholarly Phenomenon.Information, Communication & Society,15(5),662-679.
8. Brown, Peter A.,Wong, Wendy H.(2013).E-Bandits in Global Activism: WikiLeaks, Anonymous, and the Politics of No One.Perspectives on Politics,11(4),1015-1033.
9. Bruns, Axel(2008).Blogs, Wikipedia, Second Life, and Beyond: From Production to Produsage.New York:Peter Lang.
10. Burrell, Jenna(2009).The Field Site as a Network: A Strategy for Locating Ethnographic Research.Field Methods,21(2),181-199.
11. Callon, Michel(1984).Some Elements of a Sociology of Translation: Domestication of the Scallops and the Fishermen of St Brieuc Bay.The Sociological Review,32(1 suppl),196-233.
12. Castells, Manuel(2012).Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age.Cambridge, UK:Polity.
13. Chopra, Samir,Dexter, Scott D.(2008).Decoding Liberation: The Promise of Free and Open Source Software.New York:Routledge.
14. Coleman, Gabriella(2013).Coding Freedom: The Ethics and Aesthetics of Hacking.Princeton:Princeton University Press.
15. Coleman, Gabriella(2014).Hacker, Hoaxer, Whistleblower, Spy: The Many Faces of Anonymous.London:Verso.
16. Coleman, Gabriella, and Kelty Christopher (2017). Preface: Hacks, Leaks, and Breaches. Limn, no. 8. https://limn.it/articles/preface-hacks-leaks-and-breaches/.
17. Couldry, Nick,Powell, Alison(2014).Big Data from the Bottom Up.Big Data & Society,1(2),2053951714539277.
18. d’ Ancona, Matthew(2017).Post-Truth: The New War on Truth and How to Fight Back.London:Random House.
19. D’ ignazio, Catherine,Klein, Lauren F.(2020).Data Feminism.Boston:MIT press.
20. Daston, Lorraine,Galison, Peter(1992).The Image of Objectivity.Representations,40,81-128.
21. Deleuze, Gilles(1992).Postscript on the Societies of Control.October,59,3-7.
22. Deleuze, Gilles,Guattari, Felix,Massumi, Brian(Trans.)(1987).A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia.Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press.
23. Edwards, Paul N.(2010).A Vast Machine: Computer Models, Climate Data, and the Politics of Global Warming.Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.
24. Ermoshina, Ksenia(2018).Civic Hacking: Redefining Hackers and Civic Participation.TECNOSCIENZA: Italian Journal of Science & Technology Studies,9(1),79-101.
25. Eubanks, Virginia(2018).Automating Inequality: How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor.New York:St. Martin’s Press.
26. Gray, Mary L.,Suri, Siddharth(2019).Ghost Work: How to Stop Silicon Valley from Building a New Global Underclass.New York:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
27. Hands, Jos(2011).@ Is for Activism: Dissent, Resistance and Rebellion in a Digital Culture.London:Pluto Press.
28. Hetherington, Kregg(2008).Populist Transparency: The Documentation of Reality in Rural Paraguay.Journal of Legal Anthropology,1(1),45-69.
29. Ho, Ming-sho(2015).Occupy Congress in Taiwan: Political Opportunity, Threat, and the Sunflower Movement.Journal of East Asian Studies,15(1),69-97.
30. Huntington, Samuel P.(1993).The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century.Norman:University of Oklahoma Press.
31. Ito, Mizuko,Okabe, Daisuke,Matsuda, Misa(2005).Personal, Portable, Pedestrian: Mobile Phones in Japanese Life.Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.
32. Jackson, Steven J.,Ribes, David(2013).Data Bite Man: The Work of Sustaining a Long-Term Study.“Raw Data” Is an Oxymoron,Cambridge, MA:
33. Jordan, Tim,Taylor, Paul A.(2004).Hacktivism and Cyberwars: Rebels with a Cause?.London:Routledge.
34. Juris, Jeffrey S.(2008).Networking Futures: The Movements against Corporate Globalization.Durham:Duke University Press Books.
35. Karanović, Jelena(2012).Free Software and the Politics of Sharing.Digital Anthropology,London:
36. Kelty, Christopher M.(2008).Two Bits: The Cultural Significance of Free Software.Durham:Duke University Press Books.
37. Latour, Bruno,Woolgar, Steve(2013).Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts.Princeton:Princeton University Press.
38. Latour、 Bruno,余曉嵐（譯）,林文源（譯）,許全義（譯）(2012).我們從未現代過.臺北:群學.
39. Lee, Mei-chun(2015).Occupy on Air: Transparency and Surveillance in Taiwan’s Sunflower Movement.Anthropology Now,7(3),32-41.
40. Levy, Steven(1984).Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution.New York:Anchor Press/Doubleday.
41. Marcus, George E.,Saka, Erkan(2006).Assemblage.Theory, Culture & Society,23(2-3),101-106.
42. Maurer, Bill(2012).Mobile Money: Communication, Consumption and Change in the Payments Space.Journal of Development Studies,48(5),589-604.
43. McCaughey, Martha(ed.)(2014).Cyberactivism on the Participatory Web.New York:Routledge.
44. Miller, Daniel(2011).Tales from Facebook.Cambridge:Polity.
45. Morozov, Evgeny(2013).To Save Everything, Click Here: The Folly of Technological Solutionism.New York:Public Affairs.
46. Morozov, Evgeny (2009). The Brave New World of Slacktivism. Foreign Policy. May 19. https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/05/19/the-brave-new-world-of-slacktivism/
47. Nardi, Bonnie(2010).My Life as a Night Elf Priest: An Anthropological Account of World of Warcraft.University of Michigan Press.
48. Noble, Safiya(2018).Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism.New York:NYU Press.
49. Perng, Sung-Yueh,Kitchin, Rob(2018).Solutions and Frictions in Civic Hacking: Collaboratively Designing and Building Wait Time Predictions for an Immigration Office.Social & Cultural Geography,19(1),1-20.
50. Peters, Benjamin(ed.)(2016).Digital Keywords: A Vocabulary of Information Society and Culture.Princeton, Oxford:Princeton University Press.
51. Pink, Sarah,Horst, Heather,Postill, John,Hjorth, Larissa,Lewis, Tania,Tacchi, Jo(2015).Digital Ethnography: Principles and Practice.London:SAGE.
52. Postill, John(2014).Democracy in an Age of Viral Reality: A Media Epidemiography of Spain’s Indignados Movement.Ethnography,15(1),51-69.
53. Postill, John(2018).The Rise of Nerd Politics.London:Pluto Press.
54. Raley, Rita(2013).Dataveillance and Countervailance.“Raw Data” Is an Oxymoron,Cambridge, MA:
55. Ravetto-Biagioli, Kriss(2013).Anonymous Social as Political.Leonardo Electronic Almanac,19(4),178-195.
56. Rosenberg, Daniel(2013).Data before the Fact.“Raw Data” Is an Oxymoron,Cambridge, MA:
57. Rowen, Ian(2015).Inside Taiwan’s Sunflower Movement: Twenty-Four Days in a Student-Occupied Parliament, and the Future of the Region.The Journal of Asian Studies,74(1),5-21.
58. Schradie, Jen(2018).The Digital Activism Gap: How Class and Costs Shape Online Collective Action.Social Problems,65(1),51-74.
59. Schrock, Andrew R.(2016).Civic Hacking as Data Activism and Advocacy: A History from Publicity to Open Government Data.New Media & Society,18(4),581-599.
60. Shirky, Clay(2008).Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations.New York:Penguin Books.
61. Smart, Alan(1993).Gifts, Bribes, and Guanxi: A Reconsideration of Bourdieu’s Social Capital.Cultural Anthropology,8(3),388-408.
62. Stallman, Richard,Gay, Joshua(2002).Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman.Boston:GNU Press.
63. Tkacz, Nathaniel(2012).From Open Source to Open Government: A Critique of Open Politics.Ephemera,12(4),386.
64. Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt(2015).The Mushroom at the End of the World: On the Possibility of Life in Capitalist Ruins.Princeton:Princeton University Press.
65. Webb, Martin(2012).Activating Citizens, Remaking Brokerage: Transparency Activism, Ethical Scenes, and the Urban Poor in Delhi.PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review,35(2),206-222.
66. Wolfson, Todd(2014).Digital Rebellion: The Birth of the Cyber Left.Urbana, IL:University of Illinois Press.
67. Yang, Guobin(2009).The Power of the Internet in China: Citizen Activism Online.New York:Columbia University Press.
68. Yang, Mayfair Mei-hui(2002).The Resilience of Guanxi and Its New Deployments: A Critique of Some New Guanxi Scholarship.The China Quarterly,170,459-476.
69. Zuboff, Shoshana(2019).The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power.New York:Hachette Book Group.
70. Zuckerman, Ethan(2014).New Media, New Civics?.Policy & Internet,6(2),151-168.
71. 何明修（2021），〈阿拉伯之春十年：反思數位行動之限制〉。《觸外》（中外文學部落格 ）https://www.chuwai.org/post/a-decade-after-the-arab-spring-reflection-of-ditigal-activism（ 檢索日期：2021 年7 月31日 ）
72. 李梅君,曾柏瑜(2017).開放政府觀察報告2014-2016.臺北:開放文化基金會.
73. 林宗弘,洪敬舒,李健鴻,王兆慶,張烽益(2011).崩世代：財團化、貧窮化與少子女化的危機.臺北:台灣勞工陣線協會.
74. 陳廷彥,許儷(2019)。政治過程、資訊科技與連結行動：「 開放政治獻金 」專案成因與效應的分析。台灣資訊社會研究學會年會

1. 凃峻清(2023)。從「勞動權益」到「新聞專業」：自立事件的起源、過程與遺緒。新聞學研究，157，163-227。