身心障礙者“個人協助”的定位探討：以“視力協助員”服務為例

The Role of 'Personal Assistance': The Case of Visual Assistant Service

10.6171/ntuswr2005.12.03

王育（王兪）

身心障礙者 ； 視覺障礙者 ； 個人協助 ； 視力協助員 ； 個人助理 ； disabled people ； visually impaired people ； personal assistance ； visual assistant ； personal assistant

臺大社會工作學刊

12期（2005 / 12 / 01）

89 - 139

繁體中文

聯合國自一九八0年代至今，不斷提倡身心障礙者「平等且全面參與社會」的權利之保障，而「個人協助」服務的提供，乃該權利是否能獲得充分保障的關鍵因素。身心障礙者所需要的「個人協助」是多面向的，涉及社會生活的各個層面，包括生活、教育、就業等等方面。然而，目前為止，臺灣雖已發展居家服務與臨時暨短期照顧等「照顧式的」服務，卻缺乏工作中的「個人協助」服務。有鑑於此，財團法人愛盲文教基金會參考西方「個人協助」的概念，於九十一與九十二年度，發展「視力協助員」服務，企圖滿足視障者在工作中的協助需求。 本研究的目的，在於了解該實驗方案對於使用服務的視障者之意義與滿足需求情形，及方案工作人員與視協員的看法，採取質性研究的文件分析與深度訪談方法蒐集資料。研究發現：視協員服務使視障者對於工作有較多的掌控、使視障者無須被迫依賴非正式支持系統，然而，在服務提供上卻有較小的掌控力，此外，在服務面向的設定、方案管理監督、雇主的宣導與職務再設計的強化等等方面仍有許多待改進之處。

Since 1980s, the United Nations has been advocating for the 'full participation and equality' of disabled people. 'Personal Assistance' is one key factor in bringing the idea of guaranteeing disabled people's rights into practice. Disabled people's needs for personal assistance are multi-dimensional, which include: daily life, education, employment, etc.. In Taiwan, however, there are services provided to 'care for' disabled people but not to support disabled people at work. In view of this, The Cultural and Educational Foundation for the Blind (CEFB) developed a pilot scheme which provided 'visual assistant service' for visually impaired persons. The aim of this study is to understand how visually impaired users experienced the service and how the service met the needs, as well as the views of the project workers and visual assistants. The main findings are: First, the 'visual assistant service' has improved visually impaired workers' sense of control at work, and reduced their enforced reliance on their informal support systems. Nevertheless, they have little control over the way the services were provided. In addition, the author suggests some points to improve in the future, regarding the dimensions of services provided, the monitor of the program, enhanced communication with employers and more efforts on job accommodation.

1. Askheim, O. P.(1999).Personal assistance for disabled people – the Norwegian experience.International Journal of Social Welfare,8,111-119.
2. Baker, J.(2002).On autonomy and participation in rehabilitation.Disability & Rehabilitation,24(18),992.
3. Barnes, C. (ed.)(1992).Report of the BCODP Seminar on Independent Living and Personal assistance. Coventry.London:BCODP and Colin Barnes.
4. Brisenden, S(1996).Independent living and the medical model of disability.Disability, Handicap & Society,1(2),173-178.
5. Brisenden, S.(1989).Progress.London:Disablement Income Group.
6. Disability & Society ECEPA Webpages
7. Hesler, F.,Campbell, J.,Zarb, G.(1999).Direct Routes to Independence: A guide to local authority implementation and management of direct payments.London:Policy Studies Institute.
8. An International Summit Conference on Independent Living
9. Kennedy, J.(1997).Personal assistance benefits and federal health care reforms: who is eligible on the basis of ADL assistance criteria? (Disability and Health Care Policy: Medical Coverage, Service Provision and Professional Preparation)..The Journal of Rehabilitation,63(3),40-45.
10. Kersten, P.(2002).Autonomy: the be all and end all in rehabilitation.Disability & Rehabilitation,24(18),993-995.
11. Litvak, S.(1998).Personal Assistance Services Policy: Where we have been and where we are going.American Rehabilitation,24(4),9-14.
12. Lonsdale, S.(1990).Women and Disability: The Experience of physical disability among women.London:Macmillan Education Ltd.
13. Independent Living in the U.S. & Canada
14. Morris, J.(2001).Impairment and Disability: Constructing an Ethics of Care That Promotes Human Rights.Hypatia,16(4),1-18.
15. Morris, J.(1993).Independent Lives.Tavistock:Macmillan.
16. Oliver, M.(1996).Understanding Disability. From Theory to Practice.London:MacMillan Press Ltd.
17. Oliver, M.(1991).Social Work: Disabled People and Disabling Environments.London:Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
18. Oliver, M.,Baton, L (edited)(1989).Disability and Dependency.London:The Falmer Press.
19. Independent Living in Sweden
20. Model National Personal Assistance Policy. A project of the European Center for Excellence in Personal Assistance (ECEPA)
21. Ratzka, A.(1992).Tools for Power. Resource it for independent living.Disabled Peoples`International Independent Living Committee.
22. Ratzka, A.(1997).Independent Living and our organizations.Presentation at the conference Our Common World` organized by Disability Rights Advocates Hungary in Siofok,Hungary:
23. Reindal, S. M.(1999).Independence, dependence, interdependence: some reflections on the subject and personal autonomy.Disability & Society,14(3),353-367.
24. Rock, P. J.(1988).Independence: what it means to six disabled people living in the community.Disability, Handicap & Society,3,27-35.
25. Report of docs1/ENIL Seminar on Personal Assistance
26. Thomas, S.,Wolfensberger, W.,Flynn, R. J.,Lemay, R. A. (edited)(1999).A Quarter-Century of Normalization and Social Role Valorization: Evolution and Impact.Ottawa:University of Ottawa Press.
27. United Nations(1993).The Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities.New York:United Nations.
28. Wang, Y.(2001).Promoting the Right to Work of Disabled People? A Historical Comparative Analysis of Sweden, Great Britain and Taiwan. Doctoral thesis.Canterbury:University of Kent at Canterbury.
29. The Economics of Independent Living

1. 郭峰誠、張恆豪(2011)。保障還是限制？定額進用政策與視障者的就業困境。臺灣社會研究季刊，83，95-136。
2. 黃名嘉、陳雅玲、陳淑雲、吳亭芳(2016)。隱性的職務再設計—淺談各國職場人力協助政策。特殊教育季刊，140，11-18。