育兒家庭最低可接受生活標準之初探

A Minimally Acceptable Standard of Living for Families with Children: A Preliminary Study

10.6171/ntuswr2015.31.03

呂朝賢(Chao-Hsien Leu)；陳柯玫(Ke-Mei Chen)；陳琇惠(Hsiu-Hui Chen)

共識預算標準法 ； 育兒家庭 ； 貧窮門檻 ； 最低可接受生活標準 ； 焦點團體 ； consensual budget standards approach ； poverty threshold ； minimally acceptable standard of living ； families with children ； focus group

臺大社會工作學刊

31期（2015 / 06 / 01）

105 - 164

繁體中文

臺灣的貧窮門檻通常以所得作為設算方法，未考慮是否符合社會慣常的生活標準。基於此，本研究以共識預算標準法，試擬一份育兒家庭的最低可接受生活預算，構建貼近其生活情境的貧窮門檻。焦點團體訪談與問卷調查為資料蒐集的方式，主要研究發現有四點：一、焦點團體成員對貧窮意涵的意見差異不大，且多以生活物項或事件來表述「貧窮與最低可接受的生活標準」；二、家庭必需品可依人口屬性與需要屬性做區分；三、法律所範定的基本保障－如健保及兒童營養午餐，皆是辨識最低生活標準是否達到的重要指標；四、焦點團體成員對最低生活預算的共識意見收歛度小於問卷結果，焦點團體與問卷之最低生活預算區帶，分別占「四口之家，平均消費支出一半」的67.27%、88.34%為下限，158.49%、106.65%為上限。這兩者結果的歧異顯示出共識預算標準法不能單以焦點團體來獲得共識，輔以問卷調查可改善焦點團體限制。

In Taiwan, the calculation of the poverty threshold is usually based on income measurement that does not take account of the customary standard of living. Therefore, this study attempted to calculate minimum budgets for families with children using a consensual budget standards method in order to establish an adequate poverty threshold. The two data collection methods used to analyze the minimum budget standards were focus group and questionnaire survey. The results were as follows: (1) the group members had a common understanding of poverty and used daily items or events to define ＂poverty and a minimally acceptably standard of living.＂ (2) Daily necessities were categorized according to demographic characteristics and needs. (3) The basic protection provided by the government, such as National Health Insurance and School Lunch Program is an important indicator used to identify if families' minimum standards of living were met. (4) Group members did not easily reach a consensus on minimum budgets as compared with the questionnaire results. We calculated the bandwidths for minimum budgets, indicating that a minimum budget shared the proportion of ＂the 50% of average consumption expenditure for a four-person family.＂ The range in the consensus found in the focus groups is 67.27% to 158.49%. As for the results found in the questionnaire, the lower and upper limits are 88.34% and 106.65%, respectively.

1. 王德睦、呂朝賢、何華欽(2003)。臺灣貧窮門檻與測量的建立：FCSU 的應用。臺大社會工作學刊，8，1-46。
   連結：
2. 呂朝賢(2010)。臺灣兒童貧窮：輪廓與成因。臺灣社會福利學刊，9(1)，97-137。
   連結：
3. 洪明皇、鄭文輝(2009)。所得定義與均等值設定對經濟福利不均的測量影響。經濟研究，45(1)，11-63。
   連結：
4. The Family Budget Unit. (2014). Budget. Retrieved from http://www.york.ac.uk/res/fbu/budgets.htm
5. 行政院主計處（2011）。《99 年社會指標統計年報》。台北：作者。【Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics of Executive Yuan. (2011). Social indicators, 2010. Taipei, Taiwan: Author.】
6. 衛生福利部統計處（2014）。〈社會福利統計年報〉。取自http://www.mohw.gov.tw/cht/DOS/Statistic.aspx?f_list_no=312&fod_list_no=4177【Department of Statistics, Ministry of Health and Welfare. (2014). Annual statistical report on social welfare. Retrieved from http://www.mohw.gov.tw/cht/DOS/Statistic.aspx?f_list_no=312&fod_list_no=4177】
7. 許玉君（2010 年11 月30 日）。〈經濟數字再美 問題是「薪水沒漲」〉。《聯合報》。取自http://city.udn.com/55272/4300769【Xu, Y.-J. (2010, November 30). High economic figures but no increase in salary. United Daily News. Retrieved from http://city.udn.com/55272/4300769】
8. 行政院主計處（2012）。《100 年社會指標統計年報》。台北：作者。【Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics of Executive Yuan. (2012). Social indicators, 2011. Taipei, Taiwan: Author.】
9. Rowntree, B. S. (1901). Poverty: A study of town life. London, England: Thomas Nelson and Sons
10. 李承宇（2010 年11 月30 日）。〈幸福嗎？GDP 上升 民眾感覺不到〉。《聯合報》。取自http://city.udn.com/55272/4300769【Li, C.-Y. (2010, November 30). Happiness? An increase in GDP, but people with no common touch. United Daily News. Retrieved from http://city.udn.com/55272/4300769】
11. 陳歆怡（2011 年4 月25 日）。〈臺灣的新貧危機〉。《中時電子報》。取自http://mag.chinatimes.com/mag-cnt.aspx?artid=7623【Chen, X.-Y. (2011, April 25). The crisis in new poverty in Taiwan. Retrieved from http://mag.chinatimes.com/mag-cnt.aspx?artid=7623】
12. Rowntree, B. S. (1941). Poverty and progress: A second social survey of York. London, England: Longmans, Green
13. 內政部兒童局（2014）。〈兒童權利公約〉。取自http://webarchive.ncl.edu.tw/archive/disk19/80/18/21/39/08/200806063008/20121218/web/cbi.gov.tw/CBI_2/internet/main/doc/doc_detailb76f.html?uid=11【Child Welfare Bureau, Ministry of the Interior. (2014). Convention on the rights of the child. Retrieved from http://webarchive.ncl.edu.tw/archive/disk19/80/18/21/39/08/200806063008/20121218/web/cbi.gov.tw/CBI_2/internet/main/doc/doc_detailb76f.html?uid=11】
14. 鄭琪芳（2011 年9 月12 日）。〈青年貧窮惡化 收入不如13 年前〉。《自由時報電子報》。取自http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/business/paper/523606【Cheng, Q.-F. (2011, September 12). The deterioration of youth poverty: Income less than thirteen years ago. Retrieved from http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/business/paper/523606】
15. 衛生福利部統計處（2014）。〈97 年低收入戶生活狀況調查〉。取自http://www.mohw.gov.tw/cht/DOS/Statistic.aspx?f_list_no=312&fod_list_no=4699【Department of Statistics, Ministry of Health and Welfare. (2014). Report on low-income family living condition survey, 2008. Retrieved from http://www.mohw.gov.tw/cht/DOS/Statistic.aspx?f_list_no=312&fod_list_no=4699】
16. 行政院主計處（2013）。《101 年家庭收支調查報告》。台北：作者。【Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics of Executive Yuan.(2013). Report on the survey of family income and expenditure, 2012. Taipei, Taiwan: Author.】
17. 張烽益（2010）。〈臺灣青年就業危機〉。取自http://www.taiwansig.tw/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2194&Itemid=123【Chang, F.-Y. (2010). Youth employment crisis. Retrieved from http://www.taiwansig.tw/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2194&Itemid=123】
18. 衛生福利部統計處（2014b）。〈93 年低收入戶生活狀況調查〉。取自http://www.mohw.gov.tw/cht/DOS/Statistic.aspx?f_list_no=312&fod_list_no=4700【Department of Statistics, Ministry of Health and Welfare. (2014). Report on low-income family living condition survey, 2004. Retrieved from http://www.mohw.gov.tw/cht/DOS/Statistic.aspx?f_list_no=312&fod_list_no=4700】
19. Alcock, P.(2006).Understanding poverty.Basingstoke, England:Palgrave Macmillan.
20. Bernstein, J.,Brocht, C.,Spade-Aguilar, M.(2000).How much is enough? Basic family budgets for working families.Washington, DC:Economic Policy Institute.
21. Boarini, R.,d'Ercole, M. M.(2006).OECD social, employment and migration working papersOECD social, employment and migration working papers,Paris, France:OECD.
22. Boateng, W.(2012).Evaluating the efficacy of focus group discussion (FGD) in qualitative social research.International Journal of Business and Social Science,3(7),54-57.
23. Bradshaw, J.(2001).Methodologies to measure poverty: More than one is best!.International Symposium Poverty: Concepts and Methodologies,Mexico City, Mexico:
24. Bradshaw, J.(Ed.)(1993).Budget standards for the United Kingdom.Aldershot, England:Avebury.
25. Bradshaw, J.(Ed.),Gordon, D.(Ed.),Levitas, R.(Ed.),Middleton, S.(Ed.),Pantazis, C.(Ed.),Payne, S.(Ed.),Townsend, P.(Ed.)(1998).Perceptions of poverty and social exclusion.Bristol, England:Townsend Centre for International Poverty Research, University of Bristol.
26. Bradshaw, J.,Finch, N.(2003).Overlaps in dimensions of poverty.Journal of Social Policy,32(4),513-525.
27. Bradshaw, J.,Middleton, S.,Davis, A.,Oldfield, N.,Smith, N.,Cusworth, L.,Williams, J.(2008).A minimum income standard for Britain: What people think.New York, NY:Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
28. Citro, C. F.(Ed.),Michael, R. T.(Ed.)(1995).Measuring poverty: A new approach.Washington, DC:National Academy Press.
29. Collins, M. L.,Mahon, B. M.,Weld, G.,Thornton, R.(2012).NERI Working Paper SeriesNERI Working Paper Series,Belfast, Northern Ireland:Nevin Economic Research Institute.
30. Collins, M. L.,Mahon, B. M.,Weld, G.,Thornton, R.(2012).A minimum income standard for Ireland-A consensual budget standards study examining household types across the lifecycle.Dublin, England:Policy Institute, Trinity College Dublin.
31. Daly, M.,Leonard, M.(2002).Against all odds: Family life on a low income in Ireland.Dublin, England:Combat Poverty Agency.
32. Deeming, C.(2005).Minimum income standards: How might budget standards be set for the UK.Journal of Social Policy,34(4),619-636.
33. Ditch, J.(Ed.)(1999).Introduction to social security: Policies benefits and poverty.London, England:Routledge.
34. Ditch, J.(Ed.)(1999).Introduction to social security: Policies, benefits and poverty.London, England:Routledge.
35. Dubnoff, S.(1985).How much income is enough? Measuring public judgments.The Public Opinion Quarterly,49(3),285-299.
36. Fisher, G. M.(2008).Remembering mollie Orshansky-The developer of the poverty thresholds.Social Security Bulletin,68(3),79-83.
37. Fisher, G. M.(2007).,未出版
38. Greenbaum, T. L.(2003).Focus group research: Why the traditional research methodology works so effectively and why it deserves to be the most respected of all qualitative research tools.Quirk's Marketing Research Review,June,1-5.
39. Hirsch, D.,Smith, N.(2010).Family values-Parents' views on necessities for families with children.London, England:Department for Work and Pensions.
40. Hoff, S.,Soede, A.,Vrooman, C.,van Gaalen, C.,Luten, A.,Lamers, S.(2010).The minimum agreed upon: Consensual budget standards for the Netherlands.The Hague, the Netherlands:The Netherlands Institute for Social Research.
41. Kamerman, S. B.(Ed.),Phipps, S. A.(Ed.),Ben-Aryeh, A.(Ed.)(2010).From child welfare to child well-being: An international perspective on knowledge in the service of policy making.Dordrecht, the Netherlands:Springer.
42. Keen, M.(1992).Needs and targeting.The Economic Journal,102(410),67-79.
43. Kerrins, L.,Greene, S.,Murphy, S.(2011).Going without: Measuring child poverty and social exclusion in Ireland.Dublin, England:Combat Poverty Agency.
44. Krueger, R. A.、Casey, M. A.、洪志成譯、廖梅花譯(2003)。焦點團體訪談。嘉義=Chiayi County, Taiwan:濤石文化=Waterstone。
45. Lewis, O.(1966).The culture of Poverty.Scientific American,215(4),19-25.
46. Liamputtong, P.(2011).Focus group methodology: Principle and practice.London, England:Sage.
47. Meltzer, A. H.,Richard, S. F.(1981).A rational theory of the size of government.Journal of Political Economy,89(5),914-927.
48. Middleton, S.(2000).Agreeing poverty lines: The development of consensual budget standards methodology.Researching poverty,Aldershot, England:
49. Misturelli, F.,Heffernan, C.(2012).The shape of change: A memetic analysis of the definitions of poverty from the 1970s to the 2000s.Journal of International Development,24(Supplement),S3-S18.
50. Orshansky, M.(1963).Children of the poor.Social Security Bulletin,26(7),3-13.
51. Orshansky, M.(1965).Counting the poor: Another look at the poverty profile.Social Security Bulletin,28(1),3-29.
52. Parker, H.(Ed.)(1998).Low cost but acceptable: A minimum income standard for the UK.Bristol, England:The Policy Press.
53. Peña-Casas, R.(2006).,未出版
54. Renwick, T. J.,Bergmann, B. R.(1993).A budget-based definition of poverty: With an application to single-parent families.The Journal of Human Resources,28(1),1-24.
55. Ridge, T.(2002).Childhood poverty and social exclusion: From a child's perspective.Bristol, England:The Policy Press.
56. Ridge, T.(2003).Listening to children: Developing a child-centred approach to childhood poverty in the UK.Family Matters,65(Winter),4-9.
57. Ringen, S.(1988).Direct and indirect measures of poverty.Journal of Social Policy,17(3),351-365.
58. Rowntree, B. S.,Lavers, G. R.(1951).Poverty and the welfare state: A third social survey of York dealing only with economic questions.London, England:Longmans Green.
59. Ruggles, P.(1990).Drawing the line: Alternative poverty measures and their implications for public policy.Washington, DC:The Urban Institute Press.
60. Saunders, P.(2006).The historical development of budget standards for Australian working families.Journal of Industrial Relations,48(2),155-173.
61. Saunders, P.(2008).Measuring wellbeing using non-monetary indicators: Deprivation and social exclusion.Family Matters,78,8-17.
62. Saunders, P.,Naidoo, Y.,Griffths, M.(2008).Towards new indicators of disadvantage: Deprivation and social exclusion in Australia.Australian Journal of Social Issues,43(2),175-194.
63. Smith, A.、郭大力譯、王亞南譯(1996)。國民財富的性質和原因的研究。北京=Beijing, China:商務印書館=The Commercial Press。
64. Spicker, P.(Ed.),Leguizamon, S. A.(Ed.),Gordon, D.(Ed.)(2007).Poverty: An international glossary.New York, NY:Zed Books.
65. Strelitz, J.(Ed.),Lister, R.(Ed.)(2008).Why money matters: Family income, poverty and children's lives.London, England:Save the Children Fund.
66. Threlfall, K. D.(1999).Using focus groups as a consumer research tool.Journal of Marketing Practice: Applied Marketing Science,5(4),102-105.
67. Townsend, P.(1979).Poverty in the United Kingdom: A survey of household resources and standards of living.Berkeley, CA:University of California Press.
68. Townsend, P.(1987).Deprivation.Journal of Social Policy,16(2),125-146.
69. Veit-Wilson, J.(1998).Setting adequacy standards: How governments define minimum incomes.Bristol, England:The Policy Press.
70. Walker, R.(1987).Consensual approaches to the definition of poverty: Towards an alternative methodology.Journal of Social Policy,16(2),213-226.
71. Watts, H. W.(1980).Special panel suggests changes in BLS family budget programs.Monthly Labor Review,103(12),3-10.
72. Zacchaeus 2000 Trust(Ed.)(2004).Memorandum to the Prime Minister on minimum income standards.London, England:Editor.
73. 王德睦、何華欽、呂朝賢(2005)。貧窮的測量：發生率、強度與不均度。人口學刊，30，1-28。
74. 何華欽、王德睦、呂朝賢(2003)。貧窮測量對貧窮人口組成之影響：預算標準之訂定與模擬。人口學刊，27，67-104。
75. 呂朝賢(1999)。社會救助問題：政策目的、貧窮的定義與測量。人文及社會科學集刊，11(2)，233-263。
76. 林宗弘、洪敬舒、李健鴻、王兆慶、張烽益(2011)。崩世代：財團化、貧窮化與少子女化的危機。台北=Taipei, Taiwan:臺灣勞工陣線=Taiwan Labour Front。

1. 蔡典堯,黃志隆(2020)。誰會落入貧窮？非營利組織之社會救助與貧窮現象分析－以幸福分享中心－高雄市實物銀行【第一區】為例。社會發展研究學刊，25，63-96。
2. 陳琇惠、陳柯政、呂朝賢(2016)。主觀貧窮輪廓及其影響因素之探究。人文及社會科學集刊，28(3)，341-376。