尋找家庭場域中“照顧選擇及實踐”的可能與價值：中低收入老人特別照顧津貼的政策思考

Searching for Diversifying Policy Choice, Value and Practice within the Family: A Policy Thinking of the Caring Allowance Program for the Middle-to-Low Income Elderly in Taiwan

10.6265/TJSW.2007.6(1)4

曾薔霓(Chiang-Ni Tseng)

家庭照顧者 ； 照顧者津貼 ； 照顧政策 ； 照顧價值 ； family caregivers ； caring allowance ； care policy ； values of care

臺灣社會福利學刊

6卷1期（2007 / 08 / 01）

131 - 175

繁體中文

立基於「多元選擇」、「親自參與」、以及「社會責任」的理論與價值邏輯，本文試圖從家庭照顧者的角度出發，檢視「照顧者津貼」政策與定位，希冀能為辛苦的「家庭照顧者」尋找與創造「選擇及實踐」的可能與價值。一方面，讓照顧者能搭配居家服務支持性措施，而有「喘息」和重新蓄積「照顧能量」的時間與空間。另一方面，藉由普及式照顧者津貼的機制，俾使照顧者可以有「選擇進入」或「持續留在」家庭場域親自照顧的權利。就此而言，那些被排除在照顧者津貼適用對象外的家庭照顧者，至少應受到同等重視。基此，本文將藉由實施對象的選擇，以及照顧資源配置等主題脈絡，思考「照顧者津貼」運作邏輯與原則。最後，針對現行政策，提出調整方向與建議。

In searching for diversifying policy choices and the operational logic of caring allowance program in Taiwan, this paper purports to take the family caregivers' perspective and explore the possibility of providing them with plural options. For one thing, the family caregivers could take advantage of the home-care service support program and enjoy the time to take a break and recruit their strength. For another, giving the universal caring allowance program, the family caregivers, in identifying themselves as the practitioners of ”the labor of love” could opt for doing the caring work by themselves without engendering economic burden for their families. So long as this policy goal is concerned, the family caregivers who have not been eligible for the caring allowance should be given at least equal considerations. For this purpose, this paper discusses the operational logic and principle of caring allowance in terms of the choice of policy targets, the allocation of care resources, etc. Finally, this paper endeavors to propose certain adaptations of orientation as well as other suggestions in the current policy of caring allowance.

1. Abel, E. K(1991).Who Cares for the Elderly: Public Policy and the Experiences of Adult Daughters.Philadelphia:Temple University Press.
2. Baines, T. C.,M. P. Evans,S. M. Neysmith(1991).Women`s Caring Feminist Perspectives on Social Welfare.Toronto, Ontario:McClelland & Stewart.
3. Baldwin, S,Allen, I.,Perkins, E.(eds.)(1995).The Future of Family Care for Older People.London:HMSO.
4. Blackman, T.,S. Brodhurst,J. Convery(2001).Social Care and Social Exclusion: A Comparative Study of Older People`s Care in Europe.New York:Palgrave.
5. Campbell J. C.,N. Ikegami(2000).Long-Term Care Insurance Comes to Japan.Health Affairs,19(3),26-39.
6. Evandrou, M,Phillips, J.(ed.)(1995).Working Carers.Aldershot:Avebury.
7. Evers, A.,M. Pijl,C. Ungerson(1994).Payments for Care: A Comparative Overview.Aldershot:Avebury.
8. Finch, J.,D. Groves (eds.)(1983).A Labour of Love: Women, Work and Caring.London:Routledge and Kegan Paul.
9. Glendinning, C.,E. McLaughlin(1993).Paying for Informal Care: Lessons from Finland.Journal of European Social Policy,3(4),239-253.
10. Glendinning, C.,M. Schunk,E. McLaughlin(1997).Paying for Long-Term Care: A Comparative Perspective.Aging and Society,17,123-140.
11. Glendinning, C.,S. Halliwell,S. Jacobs,K. Rummery,J. Tyrer(2000).Buying Independence.Bristol:The Policy Press.
12. Glenn, E. N(2000).Creating a Caring Society.Contemporary Sociology,29(1),84-94.
13. Graham, H,Finch, J.,D. Groves(eds.)(1983).A Labour of Love: Women, Work and Caring.London:Routledge and Kegan Paul.
14. Hawranik, P. G.,L. A. Strain(2007).Giving Voice to Informal Caregivers of Older Adults.Canadian Journal of Nursing Research,39(1),156-172.
15. Cambridge Journal of Economics
16. Hirst, M(2001).Transitions in Informal Care in Great Britain during the 1990s.Health and Social Care,9(6),348-357.
17. Hooyman, N. R.,J. Gonyea(1995).Feminist Perspectives on Family Care: Policies for Gender Justice.Newbury Park, CA:Sage.
18. Jette, A. M.,S. Tennstedt,S. Crawford(1995).How Does Formal and Informal Community Care Affect Nursing Home Use.Journal of Gerontology,50B(1),4-12.
19. Kane, R. A.,R. L. Kane,R. C. Ladd(1998).The Heart of Long-Term Care.New York:Oxford University Press.
20. Keigher, S. M.,C. Murphy(1992).A Consumer View of a Family Care Compensation Program for the Elderly.Social Service Review,66,256-277.
21. Kittay, E. F(1999).Love`s Labor: Essays on Women, Equality, and Dependency.New York:Routledge.
22. Kittay, E. F(1995).Taking Dependence Seriously: The Family and Medical Leave Act Considered in Light of the Social Organization of Dependency Work and Gender Equality.Hypatia,10,8-29.
23. Kittay, E. F(2001).A Feminist Public Ethic of Care Meets the New Communitarian Family Policy.Ethics,111,523-547.
24. Knapp, M(1984).The Economics of Social Care.Hampshire:Macmillan.
25. Lister, R(2003).Citizenship: Feminist Perspectives.New York:Palgrave Macmillan.
26. Lister, R,Alcock, P.,A. Erskine,M. May(eds.)(2002).The Blackwell Dictionary of Social Policy.London:Blackwell.
27. MacAdam, M(2004).Examining Home Care in Other Countries: The Policy Issues.Home Health Care Management & Practice,16(5),393-404.
28. MacIntyre, A(1984).After Virtue.Notre Dame, Indiana:University of Notre Dame University.
29. Mooney, G. H(1978).Planning for the Care of the Elderly.Scottish Journal of Political Economy,25(2),149-164.
30. OECD(1996).Caring for frail elderly people: policies in evolution.Paris, France:OECD.
31. Pickard, L(1999).With Respect to Old Age: Long Term Care-Rights and Responsibilities.London:TSO.
32. Robinson, F(2006).Beyond Labour Rights.International Feminist Journal of Politics,8(3),321-342.
33. Ruddick, S,Harber, P. G.,H. Shue(eds.)(1998).Norms and Value: Essays on the Work of Virginia Held.New York:Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
34. Tennstedt, S.,S. Crawford,J. Mckinlay(1993).Family Care on the Decline? A Longitudinal Investigation of the Substitution of Formal long-term Care Services for Informal Care.The Milbank Quarterly,71(4),601-624.
35. Ungerson, C(1997).Give Them the Money: Is Cash a Route to Empowerment.Social Policy & Administration,31(1),45-53.
36. Ungerson, C(1995).Gender, Cash, and Informal Care: European Perspectives and Dilemmas.Journal of Social Policy,6(1/2),31-52.
37. Ungerson, C(2003).Commodified Care Work in European Labour Markets.European Societies,5(4),377-396.
38. Ungerson, C(2004).Whose Empowerment and Independence? A Cross-National Perspective on "Cash for Care" Schemes.Aging & Society,24(2),189-212.
39. Ungerson, C,Bornat, J.,J. Johnson,C. Pereira,D. Pilgrim,F. Willams(eds.)(1997).Community Care: A Reader.London:The Open University.
40. Webb, P(2003).Legislating for Care: A Comparative Analysis of Longterm Care Insurance Laws in Japan and Germany.Social Science Japan Journal,6(1),39-56.
41. 最新消息
42. 老人福利法規彙編
43. 內政部統計處(2002)。中華民國九十年台閩地區低收入戶生活狀況調查報告。台北:內政部統計處。
44. 行政院主計處(2003)。中華民國九十一年台灣地區人力資源調查統計年報。台北:行政院主計處。
45. 行政院主計處(2002)。中華民國八十九年台閩地區戶口及住宅普查報告。台北:行政院主計處。
46. 部分工時勞動統計
47. 吳淑瓊、呂寶靜、盧瑞芬(1998)。行政院研考會委託研究報告。台北:行政院研考會。
48. 吳淑瓊、林惠生(1999)。台灣功能障礙老人家庭照護者的全國概況剖析。中華公共衛生雜誌，18(1)，44-53。
49. 吳淑瓊、徐慧娟、莊瑛智、張明正(1996)。功能評估在估計台灣社區老人長期照護需要之應用。中華公共衛生雜誌，15(6)，533-545。
50. 吳淑瓊、賴惠玲、江東亮(1994)。影響社區老人對護理之家居住意願的因素。中華公共衛生雜誌，13(5)，388-394。
51. 吳凱勳(1997)。「高齡化社會」與「長期照護保險」（下）：介紹日本公共介護保險。長期照護雜誌，1(2)，1-22。
52. 呂寶靜(2001)。老人照顧：老人、家庭、正式服務。台北:五南。
53. 呂寶靜(2000)。照顧者酬金方案理念及作法之探討。照顧者季刊，6，78-90。
54. 呂寶靜、王雅各編(2003)。性屬關係（上）：性別與社會、建構。台北:心理。
55. 呂寶靜、陳景寧、劉毓秀編(1997)。女性、國家和照顧工作。台北:女書文化。
56. 洪惠芬、靜宜大學青少年兒童福利學系主辦(2005)。二十一世紀社會福利省思與展望學術研討會。靜宜大學。
57. 胡幼慧、郭淑珍、王孝仙(1996)。老人長期病患照顧者對取代方案之考量：潛需求與因境之分析。中華公共衛生雜誌，15(4)，275-288。
58. 胡幼慧、劉毓秀編(1997)。女性、國家和照顧工作。台北:女書文化。
59. 曾薔霓、中華民國家庭照顧者關懷總會主辦(2005)。女性照顧：國家、社區、家庭國際研討會。文化大學推廣部。
60. 曾薔霓、王正(2001)。照顧倫理與政府責任：台灣實施雙軌制照顧津貼之探討。經社法制論叢，28，97-132。
61. 黃金鳳譯(1993)。家屬照顧酬金方案一消費者觀點之探討。社區發展季刊，62，43-49。
62. 劉明浩(2004)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。國立中正大學社會福利研究所。
63. 潘英美、林萬億(2000)。居家失能老人照顧津貼一以臺北縣爲例。社區發展季刊，92，99-112。
64. 戴玉慈、羅美芳(1996)。功能評估一長期照護服務的重要依據。護理雜誌，43(1)，71-76。
65. 羅森益(2000)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。國立陽明大學衛生福利研究所。

1. 劉香蘭、古允文(2015)。台灣照顧分工的重組兩個女性世代生命歷程的比較。女學學誌：婦女與性別研究，36，49-104。