生育、女性就業與兒童照顧支持方案－以南歐模式爲例

Fertility, Female Employment and Child Care Packages: The Southern European Model

10.6265/TJSW.2009.8(1)5

黃曉薇(Hsiao-Wei Huang)；劉一龍(Yi-Long Liu)

生育率 ； 女性就業 ； 兒童照顧 ； 親屬連帶 ； 南歐模式 ； fertility rate ； female employment ； child care ； family solidarity ； Southern europe model

臺灣社會福利學刊

8卷1期（2009 / 08 / 01）

149 - 194

簡體中文

眾所皆知，南歐國家「超低生育率(lowest-low fertility)」現象的發生時間不僅早於台灣，同時由來已久，這也引發許多討論，包括其超低生育率是哪些原因促成？當生育率維持超低水準時，南歐國家的對策是什麼？要回答上述問題，得從女性角色的轉變談起，當女性從照顧者角色轉變成就業者，大量投入勞動市場的同時，雙薪家庭型態崛起，工作和兒童照顧就形成「蠟燭兩頭燒」的困境，也因此可能降低女性的生育意願。爲此，許多國家（如北歐）紛紛提出對策，希望透過兒童照顧支持相關政策，達到均衡女性工作與兒童照顧的生活。相形之下，南歐國家對家庭支持較薄弱，Lewis (1989)以去商品化與性別角度，提出四種福利體制類型；Naldini (2003)則強調南歐福利模式有「親屬連帶」的特性。研究初步發現南歐國家強調家庭與家族自助爲主，政府的支持體系較少，尤其是兒童照顧服務體系更爲缺乏，使女性較難兼顧工作與育兒的重擔，這也部分解釋南歐國家普遍呈現較低的生育率。然而，南歐四國中的葡萄牙雖地處南歐，其兒童照顧體系有傾向北歐國家發展的趨勢，且同時有較好的女性就業率與生育率表現。

As we have known for a long time, the phenomenon of lowest fertility rates emerged earlier in Southern Europe than in Taiwan. Many studies have addressed the main cause of the low fertility rate in Taiwan and the implementation of a family support policy. During the postindustrial period, service employment became a mainstream industry, and the transformation of the labor market had a great impact on the family and gender relationships. Since the 1970s, women's participation in the labor market has increased in all European countries, but balancing work and family has been difficult for female workers. In the state welfare literature, Southern European countries are often regarded as more family-oriented than other countries. The child care support in Southern Europe tends to be meager and the policies poorly developed. Therefore, it is interesting to know what features of the Southern European care model should be adopted by the relevant institutions in Taiwan. Esping-Andersen (1990) argued that the delivery of welfare is focused on the state and the market, and he ignored the role of the family in explaining Southern Europe's distinctive model. Naldini (2003) brought the family back into the analysis, emphasizing the role of family solidarity in the Southern European model. The results suggest that child care support from the state, especially the child care service system, is insufficient. This means that policies directed at employment and income maintenance, gender equality, and child care support may improve as fertility rates increase.

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