题名 |
少子化日本的育兒:從「待機兒童」問題探討當代日本的托教政策與實際 |
并列篇名 |
Child Rearing in the Era of a Declining Birthrate: Exploring Contemporary Japanese View on Child Rearing by "Children on the Waiting List" |
DOI |
10.6265/TJSW.2011.9(2)3 |
作者 |
翁麗芳(Lee-Fong Wong);塘 利枝子(Rieko Tomo) |
关键词 |
少子化 ; 兒童教養 ; 育兒觀 ; Declining birthrate ; Child rearing ; View on parenting or child rearing |
期刊名称 |
臺灣社會福利學刊 |
卷期/出版年月 |
9卷2期(2011 / 06 / 01) |
页次 |
135 - 183 |
内容语文 |
繁體中文 |
中文摘要 |
少子化現象造成幼托機構招生不足是臺日兩國共有的社會現象,但是日本還出現了獨特的「待機兒童」問題;這些登記候補等待機會進入幼托機構的「待機兒童」與排隊等候進入有名氣幼稚園者的情形並不相同,「待機兒童」集中在都會區0-2歲嬰幼兒,雙薪家庭。「待機兒童」問題存在已久,成爲少子化對策中每年追蹤檢討的重要議題。日本官方重視少子化現象,覺察現代兒童生活當中的「危險的環境」以及年輕父母育兒的瓶頸,啟動一連串具遠景觀點的支援「戰略」。本研究取東京都及世田谷區爲研究焦點,除了分析中央、地方政府的育兒政策之外,並且實地考察,訪談4組幼兒家庭及區公所兒童托育承辦人員,以幼稚園、托兒所制度爲中心,對照臺灣的幼托制度,歸納出六點日本特色:1.3歲以上的幼兒托育供過於求,2歲以下的托嬰卻呈供不應求狀態;2.幼稚園與托兒所區隔使用對象與目的,幼兒父母對於二者也有不同的期待;3.幼托機構的受認可與否關係收費,無關合法、非法;4.父母以多元的選擇標準慎重選擇幼托機構;5.女性角色定位變動,社會對於育兒家庭的期待由「專業主婦」家庭主流轉向接納職業婦女家庭;6.育兒品質與社會制度的堅持。針對上述日本特色,本研究對當代臺灣兒童教養政策提出六點建議做爲結論:重視0至2歲年齡層托嬰問題的解決;提供創新、多元的托育服務;正視未受認可幼托機構的存在、協助提升托育品質;打造周密的育兒支援網絡,製造友善育兒的生活環境;注意社會制度的彈性與育兒品質堅持的平衡。 |
英文摘要 |
A declining birthrate, attributable in part to falling enrollment in institutions that serve children, is a common social phenomenon in both Taiwan and Japan. However, in Japan there is an additional issue, ”children on the waiting list” to enroll in early childhood institutions. Unlike children waiting to enter the well-known or prestigious kindergartens, most of these children are less than 3 years old and raised by parents who are both working. The problem has existed for a long time and the Japanese government tracks it every year.In Taiwan, the institutions are supplemented by informal child-care providers such as grandparents, aunts, nannies/nurses, and neighbors. It is common for contemporary Taiwanese women who have both a job and young children to place their children in the day care centers. Career women face the dilemma of choosing the ”right” institution for their young children, but ”rightness” is not always defined as good ”nurture and care.”The Japanese government has not paid a great deal of attention to the declining birthrate, although it is aware that Japanese children are living in a ”dangerous environment” and that young parents face difficulties raising them. Hence, the government has initiated a series of strategies aimed at supporting young children and their parents. In their study, the authors examined the childcare policies of the central government and local governments in Tokyo city and the Setagaya-ku area. They also conducted a field investigation in which they interviewed four families with young children and governmental officials who worked in the district childcare office. A comparison of Japanese and Taiwanese childcare policies led to the following conclusions:1. The difference between kindergartens and nursery schools lies in their targets and purposes; parents of young children also had different expectations of these two school systems.2. Regardless of their legal status, the acceptance and popularity of early childhood day care center was based in large part on their tuition and fees.3. Parents chose preschool day care center for their children carefully and they used multiple criteria.4. From past to present, the social expectation of a woman's role in the family shifted significantly from being a housewife to being a career woman.5. The Japanese government has insisted on high quality in its childcare and social systems. |
主题分类 |
社會科學 >
社會學 |
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