試論唐代雩祭樂章文賦之悔過責躬主題

The Praying for Rain and Its Motif of Repentance in Tang Dynasty

楊曉靄(Xiao-Ai Yang)

唐代 ； 祈雨 ； 禮俗 ； 悔過責躬 ； 主題 ； Tang Dynasty ； The praying for rain ； Ceremonial custom ； Retrospection and Repentance ； Motif

逢甲人文社會學報

27期（2013 / 12 / 01）

23 - 48

繁體中文

唐代祈雨祀禮，沿襲古制有雩祭。雩祭為常祀，祀昊天上帝，祭風師雨師。雩祭在圓丘舉行，與南郊祭天同等規格。祭風師雨師，天寶年間由小祀升為中祀。雩祭配先帝，從祀五方上帝、五人帝、五官，「成大雩帝之義」，歌功頌德，傳播「德音」，「樂」諸神靈。雩祭樂章即突顯敬天法祖之主旨。「大旱雩祭而請雨」，則應急而設，凡諸先代帝王、歷史名人、城隍、山神、龍潭，以及竹林、皋亭、白石、吳塘、風雨池、海陽神、白帝祠，均可躬禱請祈，甚或遍禱群神，但求時雨獲報。旱雩之祈，儀式多樣，自朝廷至州縣，卻有「時災系政，人患由君」之精神為貫穿。君主時時反省如何待人，怎樣順時，「以誠愛人，以德動天，則交感不違，庶徵時序」，成為唐人祈雨儀式所映現的真正「群體價值」。雩祭用盛樂「頌德」，肯定「有德」；旱祈「每思禹湯之罪己」，「恐歲凶而及人，甯天譴於我身。」檢討「失德」，旨在強調「人」對「天」之順應，天人和諧。悔過責躬在唐人詩文中的反復歌吟，鮮明體現出唐代祈雨禮俗的社會效應及現實意義。

The worship ceremony to pray for rain in Tang Dynasty, which followed the system of Yu Ji (雩祭, ceremony to pray for rain held in ancient times.) of previous dynasties, is a vital event to offer sacrifice to the great Emperor. Yu Ji was held regularly to pray both to the Great God and the masters of Rain and Wind. The venue of Yu Ji was officially selected to be located in Yuan Qiu (圜丘, a venue for the ceremony of Yu Ji) and the ceremony was taken equally with the worship to the great Heaven. The process of praying to the masters of Rain and Wind in the ceremony was upgraded from a small-sized ceremony to a medium-sized one. The previous Emperors of Tang Dynasty had also to be worshipped in the ceremony of Yu Ji, and during which, Wu Fang Shang Di (五方上帝), Wu Ren Di (五人帝) and Wu Guan (五官) were also the objects to be worshipped. Yu Ji is trying to achieve the God's wills, as well as to praise the current Emperor and spread the benevolence of the authority and finally to please the above Gods, meanwhile, the accompanied movements highlighted the respect to the great Heaven and previous great ancestors. The worship ceremony to pray for rain in Tang Dynasty was set up for emergency use, in which, the previous Emperor, historical figures, Cheng Huang (城隍Taoism, a god governs a city.) and Shan Shen (山神the god of mount.) as well as Long Tan (龍潭 a pond of dragon) , Zhu Lin (竹林 bamboo forest) and Gao Ting (皋亭 waterside pavilion) all could be the venues and been worshipped, Bai Shi (白石 white stone), Wu Tang (吳塘 pool), Feng Yu Chi (風雨池 a pool where rain and wind hide), Hai Yang Shen (海陽神廟 temple of solar.) and Bai Di Ci (白帝祠 Bai Di temple located in Mount of Huashan) were also included to be the venues and objects worshipped. Besides, other kinds of holy spirits were also worshipped in order to get rain. The ceremony to pray can be in various forms, however, the overall idea lies in that disasters are resulted by a fatuous authority and the sufferings are from a failed emperor. As a dominant role, the emperor had to time to time reflect on his management and policies, as well as on his sincerity and virtue so as to govern the country in a perfect order. These ideas came to be the collective value in the worship ceremony for rain in Tang Dynasty. The intension of Yu Ji is to praise the current authority, whereas the worship ceremony for rain in Tang is to enable the emperor make introspection and repentance, i.e. as a emperor, he had to sacrifice himself rather than have the people suffered. The idea of retrospection and repentance, which was the motif of poetry on praying for rain in Tang Dynasty, had a representative social value in the relevant study.

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