蒼天瘁仕難－王鐸主體身份認同之位移探究

Hardship Faced by Officials in Power Change: Analysis of Changes in Wang Duo's Self-Identity

王振邦(Jen-Bang Wang)

王鐸 ； 易代 ； 貳臣 ； 身份 ； Wang Duo ； Power Change ； turncoat official ； self-identity

逢甲人文社會學報

32期（2016 / 06 / 01）

91 - 121

繁體中文

歷史總是少不了悲劇時代千瘡百孔的印記，在明末清初鼎革之際，中國的土壤上發生著翻天覆地的社會變革，先有李自成、張獻忠領導的饑民起義促使明王朝巢傾卵覆，復有滿清大軍挾著浩蕩的隊伍入關進行一場刀光血影的種族屠殺與主權掠奪，對生長在斯的蒼生，再次無情的重重一擊。如再輔以南明弘光帝的昏庸無能與馬士英的獨攬大權，處在這樣動盪時局下的王鐸該如何自處，其宦海人生的出處及身份認同的鋪展，在飄移的政治主權不斷替換下，仕與隱的抉擇似乎成了王鐸不得不面對的一個生存議題。本文扣緊「主體身份認同」命題，係指易代後仕清的王鐸，對昔日身為大明朝廷命官的身份認同。從王鐸《擬山園選集》、李清、計六奇著述及相關文獻之立論出發，著意在崇禎十七年甲申易代前後，對於王鐸隨政權轉移下其變節行徑所開展出來的心態詮釋問題，並非如年友倪元璐、黃道周選擇主辱臣死的模式，而是以委曲求全貳臣的姿態保全性命，悖離傳統仕宦文人忠貞的道德節操。本文試著從王鐸在易代前後不為人知的心理矛盾狀態及其反映的行為改變過程中，探析王鐸在書藝高度的氣韻展現下，其自我身份認同的主體位移與自我詮解的形成過程。

History is riddled with scars of tragedy of times. During Ming-Qing transition, there were tremendous social reforms happening in China, such as the famine-victim revolt led by Lee, Zih Cheng and Chang, Xian Zhong which accelerated the fall of Ming Dynasty, followed by the racial massacre and sovereign right takeover by Qing army, which was again a ruthless punch on people who lived on the land, not to mention that Hongguang Emperor was fatuous and Ma, Shi-Ying arrogated power to himself. How did Wang Duo define himself in such a turbulent era? Due to the constant changes in governors, to continue his career as a public servant or to withdraw from his position became an unavoidable life issue that Wang had to deal with for his career plan and self-identity. The article ties the theme “Self-Identity＂ and tries to analyze how Wang Duo defined himself as a public servant in Qing Dynasty vs. a former officer in the imperial court of Ming Dynasty. Starting from points of view of Wang Duo's “Collection of Ni-Shan Yuan＂, and writings of Lee Ching and Ji, Liu Ji, and relevant literatures, this Article focuses on Wang's attitude changes through his serving of different empires amid power transfer in AD 1644. Unlike his friends Ni, Yuan-Lu or Huang and Dao-Cho who chose to die as their emperor died, Wang Duo chose to save his life by serving the conquer stoopingly, deviating from the traditional virtue of loyalty of public officials. This Article tries to analyze Wang Duo's changes in his self-identity and how he defined himself as reflected in his excellent literature from his unknown self-contradictory mentality and his behavior changes during the power changes.

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