論陽明心學從「本體論」到「工夫論」－「一體觀」與「感應思惟」

Probing into the Holistic View and the Inductive Thinking of Yang Ming's Xinxue: from Ontology to Gongfuism

歐東華(Tong-Hua Ou)

心即理 ； 致良知 ； 知行合一 ； 一體觀 ； 感應思維 ； Mind as Justice (Hsin Chi Li) ； Exercising Conscience with Innate Knowledge ； Knowledge and Action in Unity ； the holistic view ； the inductive thinking

逢甲人文社會學報

35期（2017 / 12 / 01）

45 - 81

繁體中文

本文探討王陽明的學術思想，王陽明的心學，架構上即是由「心即理」；「知行合一」；「致良知」三方面相互聯繫所構成的有機整體。以「心即理」做為學説的基點；以「知行合一」為指引人為賢入聖之方向；更以致良知來說明萬事萬物之工夫，此三者實有其相依性。本文即在探討陽明心學「心即理」；「知行合一」；「致良知」的「一體觀」與「感應思維」的理論意涵。「心即理」的論點，肯定了人的道德主體性，「知行合一」是強調人經歷一番道德自覺的探索，「致良知」則開展了道德實踐的作用，生命價值得以擴充，價值原理得以呈顯。此人心本體之「至善」與「良知」，人人皆當擴充發揮，透過無私與感應的實踐，呈顯天道的作用。此人心本體一依於天理，與天地感應，感通合一達聖人境界。本文將「一體觀」與「感應思維」的概念，與陽明「心即理」「知行合一」「致良知」的意涵，進行結合的論述。先論陽明思想透過「心即理」「知行合一」「致良知」其由「本體論」接「工夫論」的價值選擇，其次我們再探索以道德性價值的主宰性行動力，融會心即天理的一體觀，人心本體形成的一個感應系統，去感應這宇宙世界，進行意義的建構。

This article mainly discusses Yang Ming Wang's academic philosophy. Wang's ＂Study of the Mind (Xinxue) is an organic whole constructed on three correlated aspects:＂the Mind as Justice (Hsin Chi Li)＂; ＂Knowledge and Action in Unity＂; and ＂Exercising Conscience with Innate Knowledge.＂ ＂Hsin Chi Li＂ is the foundation of learning; ＂Knowledge and Action in Unity＂ guides one onto the direction of achieving sainthood, and ＂Exercising Conscience with Innate Knowledge＂ helps expound the principle of all things; that is, Gongfuism. We can say that the three aspects are interdependent on each other. By analyzing the connotations of these three aspects and their significance, we probe into the unified view and the inductive thinking of Wang's Xinxue. ＂Hsin Chi Li＂ confirmed the subjectivity of morality. ＂Knowledge and Action in Unity＂ emphasizes the self-retrospective exploration of morality man has experienced; then, ＂Exercising Conscience with Innate Knowledge＂ is conducive to developing the practice of morality, thereby broadening our value of life and bringing the principle of value to life. All men can conduct and express ＂goodness＂ and ＂conscience.＂ Moreover, humans can display the effect of heavenly way by putting selflessness and induction into practice. At this status, ＂the Ontology of the Mind＂ belongs to heavenly justice, perceived in accordance with nature, thereby achieving the status of saints, which means the stage of unifying senses with understanding. This article examines the unity of Wang's concept of ＂the Mind as Justice (Hsin Chi Li)＂; ＂Knowledge and Action in Unity＂; and ＂Exercising Conscience with Innate Knowledge.＂ I first discuss Wang's ＂the Mind as Justice (Hsin Chi Li),＂ ＂Knowledge and Action in Union,＂ and ＂Exercising Conscience with Innate Knowledge＂ on the choice of value from Ontology to Gongfuism. Next I probe into the holistic view of integrating ＂the Mind＂ as ＂Heavenly Justice＂ with a dominative performative power of morality value. ＂The Ontology of the Mind＂ forms an inductive system to perceive the world and to construct meanings.

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