托育：美國第二波婦女運動女性主義者的理念與實踐

American Feminist Theories and Practices of Day Care in the Second Women's Movement

10.6255/JWGS.2008.25.1

俞彦娟(Yen-Chuan Yu)

美國婦女運動 ； 女性主義 ； 托育 ； 母親角色 ； 兒童完全發展法案 ； American women's movement ； feminism ； day care ； motherhood ； the Comprehensive Child Development Act

女學學誌：婦女與性別研究

25期（2008 / 06 / 01）

1 - 42

繁體中文

雖然托育是第二波美國婦女運動的重要訴求，婦運之後的10年代美國女性的工作與家庭兩難，並沒有獲得解決，美國在提供托育方面，比其他西方已開發國家落後許多。爲什麼美國沒有像其他國家一樣，發展全面性公共托育政策？其癥結在哪裡？第二波婦女運動與此癥結有何關係？本文研究第二波美國婦女運動女性主義者對托育的努力以及評析其對美國托育政策發展的影響。首先從女性主義者要求托育的動機、理由，以及托育內容，來瞭解第二波婦女運動女性主義者的托育理念和實踐；其次分析婦運期間美國社會中支持和反對公共托育力量的來源與相互角力，以及兒童完全發展法案(the Comprehensive Child Development Act)的意義；最後評析女性主義者在托育方面的努力對於美國托育系統建立、托育立法、和傳統母親角色觀念的影響。 本文檢視10年代和10年代婦女運動時期，女性主義個人和團體提出的論述和建議以及從事的實際行動，來分析女性主義者的托育理想以及托育在女性主義母親角色中的意義。主要史料是微捲資料Herstory，收有第二波婦女運動團體出版的期刊、通訊、手冊、以及宣傳品等。另外輔以女性主義者的自傳、回憶錄或傳記、報章雜誌（如New York Times 和Washington Post）和女性主義雜誌（如Ms. 和Off Our Backs），以及其他相關研究。

Although advocating universal public daycare was an important issue in second-wave American feminism, the campaign was not as successful as others. In the 10s, America lagged behind most other developed western countries in providing public child care. Why did the United States not establish a public child care policy? Did feminist theories and practices of day care have anything to do with this outcome? Drawing from material published by feminists and women's movement organizations, this article first examines the motivation and justification for day care advocacy in order to understand feminist theories and practices. Secondly, it briefly traces the history of day care in the U.S., and clarifies the social origins of the proponents and opponents of government-supported universal public day-care services. It also analyzes the impact of President Nixon's veto of the Comprehensive Child Development Act 11 on the future development of child care policy. Finally, it evaluates the effect feminists had on the development of a national day-care system and daycare legislation, as well as on the traditional ideologies of child care, motherhood, and family. The primary source used in this article is a microfilm collection of Herstory, which contains periodicals, newsletters, and pamphlets published by women's groups, contemporary newspapers (such as New York Times and Washington Post), feminist magazines (Ms. and Off Our Backs), and feminists' biographies, autobiographies, and memoirs.

1. 俞彥娟(2004)。美國第二波婦女運動歷史研究之回顧：兼評王雅各《台灣婦女解放運動史》。女學學誌：婦女與性別研究，18，215-237。
   連結：
2. Women's History Research Center. (1972) Herstory [ 90 microfilm reels]. Wooster, OH: Micro Photo Division, Bell & Howard.
3. (1974).Editorial: Uniting and conquering.Off Our Backs,4(2),1.
4. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (1978 ) Handbook for Labor Statistics. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office
5. (1970).Caution: Abortion may be genocidal.It Ain't Me Babe,1(9),9.
6. Ain't I a Woman? 3, nos. 2/3 (February, 1973 ).
7. Notes on becoming "mother." (1973) Ain't I a Woman?, 3(2/3 ): 18 ..
8. (1969).Editorial: What do you women want?.No More Fun and Games: A Journal of Female Liberation,2,4-12.
9. Baxandall, R.(1970).Cooperative nurseries.Women: A Journal of Liberation,1(3),44-46.
10. Baxandall, R.(1971).City money for nursery-schools now available.Woman's World,1(1),6-7.
11. Bunch-Weeks, C.(Ed.),Cooke, J.(Ed.),Morgan, R.(Ed.)(1970).New women.New York:Bobbs-Merrill.
12. Chodorow, N.(1978).The reproduction of mothering: Psychoanalysis and the sociology of gender.Berkeley:University of California Press.
13. Creamer, D.,Booth, H.(1972).Chicago Action Committee for Decent Childcare.Women: A Journal of Liberation,2(4),7-9.
14. Davis, F.(1991).Moving the mountain: The women's movement in America since 1960.New York:Simon & Schuster.
15. Davis, S.(Ed.)(1972).YAWF women's national day care survey: Wanted: Quality child care for all.BattleActs,2(5),4-5+10-11.
16. Deckard, B. S.(1979).The women's movement: Political, socioeconomic, and psychological issues.New York:Harper & Row.
17. Diamond, I.(Ed.)(1983).Families, politics, and public policy: A feminist dialogue on women and the state.New York:Longman.
18. Driscoll, C.(1970).The abortion problem.Women: A Journal of Liberation,1(2),6-9.
19. DuPlessis, R. B.(Ed.),Snitow, A.(Ed.)(1998).The feminist memoir project: Voices from women's liberation.New York:Three Rivers Press.
20. Echols, A.(1989).Daring to be bad: Radical feminism in America 1967-1975.Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press.
21. Editorial(1971).The Working Mother: The Voice of Mothers' and Children's.Liberation,1(1),1.
22. Firestone, S.(1970).The dialectic of sex: The case for feminist revolution.New York:Morrow.
23. Fox-Genovese, E.(1996)."Feminism is not the story of my life": How today's feminist elite has lost touch with the real concerns of women.New York:Doubleday.
24. Friedan, B.(2000).Life so far: A memoir.New York:Simon and Schuster.
25. Friedan, B.(1963).The feminine mystique.New York:W. W. Norton & Company.
26. Friedan, B.(1998)."It changed my life": Writings on the women's movement.Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
27. Gates, S.(1973).Mommies & others: Living with children in a women's liberation collective household.Momma,1(8),10-13.
28. Gordon, L.(1970).Functions of the family.Women: A Journal of Liberation,1(2),20-23.
29. Gross, L.,MacEwan, P.(1970).On day care.Women: A Journal of Liberation,1(2),26-29.
30. Harding, S.(1981).Family reform movements: Recent feminism and its opposition.Feminist Studies,7(1),57-75.
31. Harrington, M.(1999).Care and equality: Inventing a new family politics.New York:Knopf.
32. Hewlett, S. A.(1986).A lesser life: The myth of women's liberation in America.New York:Warner Books.
33. Hole, J.,Levine, E.(1971).Rebirth of feminism.New York:Quadrangle Books.
34. Humm, M.(1995).The dictionary of feminist theory.Columbus:Ohio State University Press.
35. Jaggar, A. M.(1983).Feminist politics and human nature.Totowa, NJ:Rowman & Allanheld.
36. Kittay, E. F.(1999).Love's labor: Essays on women, equality, and dependency.New York:Routledge.
37. Leech, D.(1972).Child care: Yesterday and today.BattleActs,2(5),2-3+9.
38. Leghorn, L.(1970).Child-care for the child.No More Fun and Games: A Journal of Female Liberation,4,26-30.
39. MacEwan, P.(1970).Day care centers-Profit-making business?.Women: A Journal of Liberation,1(4),42-43.
40. Marcia,Norma(1971).The children's house.Off Our Backs,1(17),8-9.
41. McKain, B.,M.(1970).Building extended families.Women: A Journal of Liberation,1(2),24-25.
42. Michel, S.(1999).Children's interests/mother's rights: The shaping of America's child care policy.New Haven, CT:Yale University Press.
43. Mitchell, G.(1972).Children's March.BattleActs,2(3),6+26.
44. Morgan, R.(Ed.)(1970).Sisterhood is powerful: An anthology of writings from the women's liberation movement.New York:Vintage Books.
45. Muncy, R.(2000).The citizenship of mothers in the United States.Journal of Women's History,11(4),157-165.
46. Murray, P.(1970).Women's liberation child care demands and their opposition.The Turn of the Screwed,1(5),4-7.
47. Oakley, A.(1976).Woman's work: The housewife, past and present.New York:Vintage Books.
48. Peggy(1970).On a clear day.It Ain't Me Babe,1(4),8.
49. Reese, E.(1996).Maternalism and political mobilization: How California's postwar child care campaign was won.Gender & Society,10(55),566-589.
50. Rich, A.(1986).Of woman born: Motherhood as experience and institution.New York:W.W. Norton & Company.
51. Roberston, B.(1976).MOMMA: The organization for single mothers.Momma,1(1),8.
52. Rose, E.(1999).A mother's job: The history of day-care, 1890-1960.New York:Oxford University Press.
53. Rubin, N.(1984).The mother mirror: How a generation of women is changing motherhood in America.New York:G. P. Putnam's Sons.
54. Ruddick, S.(1980).Maternal thinking.Feminists Studies,6(2),342-367.
55. Ruzek, S. B.(1978).The women's health movement: Feminist alternatives to medical control.New York:Praeger.
56. Sandy(1972).We are raising your children.Mother Lode: A Feminist Paper,5
57. Schmid, M.(1969).Sex roles and survival.Women: A Journal of Liberation,1(1),7.
58. Shanley, M. L.(2001).Public policy and the ethics of care.Hypatia,16(3),157-160.
59. Sigal, R.(1970).The pill: An ironic liberation.Women: A Journal of Liberation,1(2),10-13.
60. Snitow, A.(1992).Feminism and motherhood: An American reading.Feminist Review,40,32-51.
61. Steiner, G. Y.(1976).The children's cause.Washington, D.C.:The Brookings Institution.
62. Stoll, J.(1972).Toddlers fight for day care.BattleActs,2(2),27.
63. Stoltzfus, E.(2003).Citizen, mother, worker: Debating public responsibility for child care after the Second World War.Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press.
64. Tanner, L. B.(Ed.)(1971).Voices from women's liberation.New York:New American Library.
65. Umansky, L.(1996).Motherhood reconceived: Feminism and the legacies of the sixties.New York:New York University Press.
66. Wandersee, W. D.(1988).On the move: American women in the 1970s.Boston:Twayne Publishers.
67. Weiner, L.(1985).From working girl to working mother: The female labor force in the United States, 1820-1980.Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press.
68. Zirker, P.(1970).The politics of day care.Off Our Backs,1(9/10),8.
69. 王淑英、賴幸媛(2000)。台灣的托育困境與國家的角色。女性‧國家‧照顧工作，台北:
70. 俞彥娟(2003)。美國婦女史研究中的「母親角色」。近代中國婦女史研究，11，189-214。
71. 俞彥娟(2002)。女性主義者對母親角色的批判：波娃和傅瑞丹。成大西洋史集刊，10，311-337。
72. 馮燕(1996)。我國社會托育政策的展望。理論與政策，10(4)，111-130。

1. 利澤銘,古允文(2022)。不同的家庭主義模型？臺灣和澳門友善家庭政策比較初探。臺灣社會福利學刊，18(2)，45-93。
2. 林信廷、王舒芸(2015)。公私協力托嬰中心的成就與限制：兒童照顧政策理念的檢視。臺灣社會福利學刊，12(2)，15-55。
3. 劉香蘭(2021)。女性「家庭雙重照顧者」之無「法」自拔：反思新公共管理主義下的照顧契約與倫理。輔導與諮商學報，43(2)，1-35。
4. 王舒芸(2014)。門裡門外誰照顧、平價普及路迢迢？台灣嬰兒照顧政策之體制內涵分析。臺灣社會研究季刊，96，49-93。
5. 鍾道詮,蔡承宏,王舒芸(2022)。性別圖像失衡的社會工作專業教育。東吳社會工作學報，42，1-54。