流動的慢暴力：塑料全球化的有毒話語

The Flow of ＂Slow Violence:＂ Toxic Discourse in the Globalization of Plastic

門曉璇(Xiaoxuan Men)

塑料王國 ； 慢暴力 ； 再生殖民主義 ； 田園牧歌 ； 人類世 ； Plastic China ； slow violence ； recycled colonialism ； pastoral elegy ； toxic discourse ； Anthropocene

中國現代文學

36期（2019 / 12 / 20）

29 - 43

繁體中文

根據《國家地理》雜誌報道：「世界一半以上的塑料在亞洲生產，其中中國占到了29%。」由王久良指導的生態紀錄片《塑料王國》，以中國山東農村的塑料回收小作坊為起點，由此追溯到數量龐大塑料的來源－美國加州伯克利市的生態中心垃圾回收站。此影片清晰地反映了這條資本鏈的上下游是如何諷刺性地相互聯系並相互關聯。以《塑料王國》為分析範本，基於對電影製作者的第一手採訪資料，筆者認為Rob Nixon的「慢暴力」概念一方面準確描述了當前全球生態破壞的方式，另一方面也需要進一步發展，以便清楚地說明這種「慢暴力」是如何按照權力和資本流動的邏輯來運作的。正如Nixon已經指出的那樣，在許多方面，這種邏輯是新世紀殖民主義的一種變換或再生形式。筆者在此基礎上把這樣的再生形式定義為發達國家對發展中國家的一種以塑料或其他可再生產資源為依託，犧牲發展中國家生態環境為代價，最終以盈利為目的的「再生殖民主義」。中國正處於這一鏈條的底端，它與這一鏈條的頂端環節聯合，共同在人類世時代扮演「慢暴力」製造者的角色。而人類世中本該處於平等位置的眾生萬物，在慢暴力溫潮的沖刷下，「田園牧歌」的美好願象迷離惝恍，如夢乍回。

According to National Geographic, more than half of the world's plastic is produced in Asia, and China alone accounts for 29% of the amount. Plastic China (2016), an environmental documentary by the filmmaker WANG Jiuliang, takes the audience to a small and poor village in Shandong, China, also a plastic recycling and handling hub in the local area, and traces the flow/traveling of these plastic wastes all the way to the Ecology Center Recycling in Berkeley, California. In doing so, it effectively conveys how the upper and the lower ends of this capital chain are ironically interlinked and interconnected. Using Plastic China as an exemplary text and drawing from first-hand interviews with the filmmaker, the author argues that Rob Nixon's notion of ＂slow violence,＂ on the one hand, perfectly describes the way in which current ecological damage is done to the globe, and on the other hand, it needs to be further developed so as to clearly illustrate how this ＂slow violence＂ is executed along the logic of power and the flow of capital. Although China is still being placed in the lower end of this chain, it poignantly joins force with the upper end and collectively plays the role of the maker of ＂slow violence＂ in the age of Anthropocene.

1. Buell, Lawrence(2001).Writing for an Endangered World: Literature, Culture, and Environment in the U.S. and Beyond.Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
2. Chakrabarty, D.(2009).The Climate of History: Four Theses.Northern Forum,35(2),197-222.
3. Crosby, Alfred W.(1986).Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
4. DeLoughrey, Elizabeth(2007).Quantum Landscapes: A "Ventriloquism of Spirit".Interventions,9(1),62-82.
5. Eduardo, Galeano(1973).Open Veins of Latin America.New York:Monthly Review Press.
6. Foster, J. B.,Clark, Brett(2009).Ecological Imperialism: The Curse of Capitalism.Socialist Register,40(40)
7. Foster, J.B(2002).Ecology against capitalism.Manhattan:NYU Press.
8. He, K.,Tan, Q.,Zheng, L.(2018).Adapting to new policy environment-past pattern and future trend in US-Sino waste plastic trade flow.International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology,1-10.
9. Huggan, Graham,Tiffin, Helen(2015).Postcolonial Ecocriticism: Literature, Animals, Environment.New York:Routledge.
10. Lewis, Simon L.,Maslin, Mark A.(2015).Defining the Anthropocene.Nature,519(7542),171-180.
11. Marsh, George Perkins(2003).Man and nature.Seattle:University of Washington Press.
12. Marx, Karl(1963).The Poverty of Philosophy.New York:International Publishers.
13. Mitra, I. K.,Samaddar, R.,Sen, S.(2017).Accumulation in Post-Colonial Capitalism.Singapore:Springer.
14. Nixon, Rob(2011).Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor.Cambridge, Mass:Harvard University Press.
15. Oodgeroo, Noonuccal(1970).My People.QLD:Jacaranda Press.
16. Parker, Laura(2018).We made it. We depend on it. We’re drowning in it.National Geographic Magazine,6,40-69.
17. Rowell, Andrew(1996).Green Backlash: Global Subversion of the Environmental Movement.New York:Routledge.
18. Steffen, Will,Crutzen, Paul J.,McNeill, John R.(2007).The Anthropocene: are humans now overwhelming the great forces of nature.AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment,36(8),614-622.
19. Wolff, Eric W.(2014).Ice sheets and the Anthropocene.Geological Society, London, Special Publications,395(1),255-263.
20. Wright, Judith(1991).Born of the Conquerors.Canberra, ACT:Aboriginal Studies Press.
21. Wright, Judith(1985).Phantom Dwelling.North Ryde, NSW:Angus & Robertson.
22. 孟悅(2016)。生態危機與「人類紀」的文化解讀─影像、詩歌和生命不可承受之物。清華大學學報（哲學社會科學版），3，5-25。
23. 孟悅(2017)。人類世版圖上的塑料王國。中國生態電影論集，武漢:
24. 張嘉如(2016)。《遮蔽的天空》：臺灣空汙紀錄片與霧霾慢暴力美學策略。名作欣賞，19，122-128。