英文摘要
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Since he decided to stay in Beiping after the Japanese occupation of the city in 1937, Zhou Zuoren had been living in a liminal space. The unorthodox and classicist "doggerels" became his chosen genre of lyrical self-expression. In this article, I argue that these esoteric Doggerels in the Bitter Tea Studio are texts of liminality, articulating Zhou's reflections when he was caught between the new and the old, China and Japan, the individual and the nation state. I seek to explore the ethical grey zone between resistance and collaboration, by understanding the discursive logic that Zhou Zuoren employed to justify his survival against the tyrannical moral command of resistance. Is the daily life under the occupation still legitimate, even when it means coexistence with the enemy? Aside from purist escapism, should the intellectuals still maintain the options of active worldly engagement (Confucianism) or compassionate salvation by sharing the world's sufferings (Buddhism), when both options entail moral contamination? Could or should one act based on the imagined future judgments of history? Finally, by extending the reading into Zhou's postwar prison poetry, I propose that Zhou, an individualist, had always been resisting the political orthodox of the nation state and the victor's historical narrative. During and after the war, however, his individualism could not but become secondary in nature, subordinating to the primary discourse of nationalism, by which he hoped to escape from the binding binaries. His classicist poetry thus remains a kind of liminal texts, exploring the cracks of meaning between the Apollonian worlds of triumphant clarity.
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