獅子與佛陀：早期漢譯佛教文獻中的動物裝飾與象徵

Lion and the Buddha: The Ornament and Symbolism of Animals in Chinese Buddhist Literature

10.30407/BDCL.201012_(14).0003

陳懷宇(Huai-Yu Chen)

獅子 ； 佛陀 ； 人中師子 ； 獅子吼 ； 獅子王 ； Lion ； the Buddha ； the Lion of Human World ； the Roar of Lion ； the Lion King

政大中文學報

14期（2010 / 12 / 01）

55 - 83

繁體中文

佛教創造出種種有關獅子和佛陀聯繫在一起的話語，以獅子來裝飾和象徵佛陀的高貴、威嚴、智慧、勇氣和力量，乃是佛教用來對付其他外道的修辭手段。以佛陀世系而論，祖上曾獲獅子王稱號。早期佛教的本身故事創造了獅子王作為佛陀前身的話語，這位獅子王通過犧牲自己來世得以成佛。而佛陀自身修行經歷了四個階段，其禪修的最高階段也以獅子奮迅象徵。佛陀與外道鬥法則以獅子吼為象徵，作為百獸之王能夠摧伏諸多外道。佛陀說法也從而以獅子吼作為象徵，說法之地被稱為獅子座，一方面作為佛陀地位和權力的裝飾，一方面也作為佛陀力量和威嚴的象徵。從歷史背景來看，獅子作為佛陀權力裝飾和象徵乃與獅子在南亞地區的自然分佈和活動分不開。

This study shows that Chinese Buddhist literature has constructed many discourses on the link between the lion and the Buddha for ornamenting and symbolizing the Buddha's nobility, dignity, wisdom, courage and power. In Buddhist narrative, the lion, as the title of the Buddha's grandfather, indicated the nobility of the Buddha, indicating his birth in a royal family. Later the lifetime practice of the Buddha was also linked with the lion. The fast running of the lion symbolized the highest degree of Buddha's meditation. The roar of the lion as a rhetoric depicts the Buddha's power against other heretics in early period. After the Buddha achieved his enlightenment and began to preach his teaching, the lion was again used in Buddhist literature as a symbol of the Buddha's dharma power, wisdom, and majesty. Historically speaking, the lion as an ornament of the power and wisdom in South Asia reflected the order of local natural world and how this order was recognized and borrowed for symbolizing the political and religious order in the human realm.

1. Kuo Liying, “La récitation des noms de buddha en Chine et au Japon,” in T'oung Pao LXXXI, 1995.
2. 大正藏。
3. A. von Le Coq and Ernset Waldschmidt eds., Die buddhistische Spätantike in Mittelasien, VI. Neue Bildwerke II, 1928.
4. Mary Boyce, “Gōdarz as Historical Figures,” Encyclopaedia Iranica Online, 2005, available at www.iranica.com.
5. Sylvain Lévi, “Les Missions de Wang Hiuen-ts'e dans l'Inde,” Journal Asiatique 9e ser., 15: 3, 1900.
6. Albert Grünwedel, Alt-Kutscha, Berlin, 1920.
7. 大正藏。
8. 大正藏。
9. 大正藏。
10. 大正藏。
11. 大正藏。
12. 大正藏。
13. 大正藏。
14. 大正藏。
15. S. Lévi et E. Chavannes, “Les seize arhat protecteurs de la Loi,” Journal Asiatique, vol. 8, 1916.
16. 大正藏。
17. 大正藏。
18. 大正藏。
19. 續藏經。
20. 大正藏。
21. 大正藏。
22. A. von Le Coq, Die buddhistieche Spätantike in Mittelasien, vols. 1-5, Berlin, 1922-1926, IV, pl. 10.
23. 大正藏。
24. 大正藏。
25. Pedram Khosronejad, “Lion Tombstones (šir-e sangi),” Encyclopaedia Iranica Online, 2005, available at www.iranica.com.
26. 大正藏。
27. 大正藏。
28. 大正藏。
29. 大正藏。
30. 大正藏。
31. 《保利藏珍》Baolizangzhen編輯委員會編(2000)。保利藏珍─石刻佛教造像精品選。廣州=Guangzhou:嶺南美術出版社=Lingnan meishu chubanshe。
32. Acharya, Prasanna Kumar,Sanskrit, Original(trans.)(1994).Architecture of Mānasāra.New Delhi:Munshiram Manoharlel Publishers Pvt. Ltd..
33. Adamek, Wendi L.(2007).The Mystique of Transmission: on an Early Chan History and its Contexts.New York:Columbia University Press.
34. Aelian,Scholfield, A. F.(trans.),Leob Classicial Library(trans.)(1959).On the Characteristics of Animals.Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
35. Bailey, Harold Walter(1963).Khotanese Texts. 5..Cambridge University Press.
36. Carling, Gerd(ed.),Pinault, Georges-Jean(ed.),Winter, Werner(ed.)(2009).Dictionary and Thesausus of Tocharian A, vol. 1: A-J.Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag.
37. Chen, Jinhua(2007).Philosopher, Practitioner, Politician: The Many Lives of Fazang (643-712).Leiden:E. J. Brill.
38. Collins, Billie Jean(ed.)(2002).A History of the Animal World in the Ancient Near East.Leiden:E. J. Brill.
39. Edgertan, Franklin(1985).Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary.New Delhi:Motilal Banarsidass.
40. Falk, Nancy(1973).Wilderness and Kingship in Ancient South Asia.History of Religions,13(1)
41. Fraser, Sarah B.(2004).The Practice of Buddhist Wall Painting in China and Central Asia, 618-960.Stanford:Stanford University Press.
42. Härtel, Herbert(ed.)(1983).Along the Ancient Silk Routes: Central Asian Art from the Western Berlin Stare Museums, An Exhibition lent by the Museum für Indische Kunst, Staatliche Museen Preussicher Kulturebesitz, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany.New York:The Metropolotan Museum of Art and Harry N. Abrams.
43. Kosrow-nežād, Pedrām.Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Science Sociale.
44. Kosrow-nežād, Pedrām(2001).L'étude et I'analyse des lions tombaux en pierre dans les sociétés nomades Bakhtiâri de I'Iran.Paris:University of Sorbonne.
45. Lamotte, Étienne,Webb-Boin, Sara(trans.)(1988).History of Indian Buddhism: From the Origins to the Śaka Era.Louvain:Universite Catholique de Louvain, Institut Orientaliste.
46. Mair, Victor H.(1994).Painting and Performance: Chinese Picture Recitation and its Indian Genesis.Honolulu:University of Hawaii Press.
47. Mitra, Sudipta(2005).Gir Forest and the Saga of the Asiatic Lion.New Delhi:Indus Publishing Company.
48. Nattier, Jan(2008).A Guide to the Earliest Chinese Buddhist Translations: Tests from the Eastern Han and Three Kingdoms Periods.Tokyo:The International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology, Soka University.
49. Reynolds, Frank E.(trans.),Reynolds, Mani B.(trans.)(1982).Three Worlds according to King Ruang: A Thai Buddhist Cosmology.Berkeley:University of California.
50. Rhie.Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia.
51. Rhie, Marylin Martin(2002).Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, vol. 2, The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia-Illustrations.Leiden:E. J. Brill.
52. Schmithausen, Lambert(1997).The Early Buddhist Tradition and Ecological Ethics: VI. The Status of Animals.Journal of Buddhist Ethics,4
53. Skilling, Peter、Harrison, Paul(2005)。What's in a Name? Sarvāstivādin Interpretations of the Epithets 'Buddha' and 'Bhagavat'。佛教とジヤイナ教：長崎法潤博士古稀記念論集，京都=Jingdu:
54. Strong, John(1979).The Legend of the Lion-Roarer: A Study of the Buddhist Arhat Pindola Bhāradvāja.Numen,26(1)
55. Swearer, Donald K.(2004).Becoming the Buddha: The Ritual of Image Consecration in Thailand.Princeton:Princeton University Press.
56. Tapper, Richrd(ed.),Thompson, Jon(ed.)(2002).The Nomadic Peoples of Iran.London:
57. Thorkild Jacobsen(1976).The Treasure of Darkness: A History of Mesopotamian Religion.New Haven:Yale University Press.
58. Wang, Eugene Y.(2005).Shaping the Lotus Sutra: Buddhist Visual Culture in Medieval China.Seattle:University of Washington Press.
59. Whitfield, Roderick,Farrer, Anne(1990).Caves of the Thousand Buddhas: Chinese Art from the Silk Route.New York:George Braziller, Inc..
60. Whitfield, Roderick,Whitfield, Susan,Agnew, Neville(2000).Cave Temples of Mogao: Art and History on the Silk Road.Los Angeles:The Getty Conservation Institute.
61. Whitfield, Wusuan(1999).Life along the Silk Road.Berkeley:University of California Press.
62. Xianlin, Ji(ed.),Winter, Werner(ed.),Pinault, Georges-Jean(ed.)(1998).Fragments of the Tocharian A Maitreyasamiti-Nātaka of the Xinjiang Museum, China.Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter.
63. 光川豐樹、龍谷大學仏教學會編(1995)。初期仏典にみられる「動物」：プッダの教說に關連して。仏教學研究，51
64. 朴亨國(1996)。日本にわける七狮子蓮華座の受容と變容。傳教芸術，228
65. 朴亨國(1995)。七獅子蓮華座の圖像について─韓国統一新羅後期の石造毘盧遮那傅坐像を中心に。密教圖像，14
66. 周一良(1985)。魏晉南北朝史札記。北京=Beijing:中華書局=Zhonghua shuju。
67. 周一良、錢文忠譯(1996)。唐代密宗。上海=Shanghai:上海譯文=Shanghai yiwen。
68. 曹寅編(1999)。全唐詩。北京=Beijing:中華書局=Zhonghua shuju。
69. 陳懷宇(2010)。由獅而虎：中古佛教人物名號變遷。張廣達先生八十歲慶壽文集，臺北=Taipei:
70. 橋本哲夫(2003)。『パーリ語韻文シソーラス』內の「動物」一覽。種智院大學研究紀要，4

1. ЧАНГ, ДЖУЙ ЧЕНГ(2017).Анализ переносных значений ЛЕВ в русском художественном тексте.俄語學報,28,29-51.
2. 簡秀娥(2023)。牛在佛教的意象之研究。嶺東通識教育研究學刊，10(1)，101-147。
3. 李豐楙(2019)。魔、精把關：《西遊記》的過關敘述及其諷喻。政大中文學報，31，77-127。
4. 楊明璋(2017).唐宋之際文殊菩薩的侍從變化考論.敦煌學,33,171-193.
5. (2018)。觀念、語言、權力：中國近代平等概念譬喻的政治再現。東亞觀念史集刊，14，45-84。