陳寅恪典故考釋批評觀念及其實踐方法析論

An Analysis of the Critical Ideas and Practice of Chen Yinke's Studies of Allusion

10.30407/BDCL.201906_(31).0009

李貴生(Lee Kwai-sang)

陳寅恪 ； 典故 ； 典故批評 ； 文學批評 ； 文學理論 ； Chen Yinke ； allusion ； allusive criticism ； literary criticism ； literary theory

政大中文學報

31期（2019 / 06 / 01）

341 - 388

繁體中文

陳寅恪博涉古今中外學術，然而自1931年擔任清華大學中文系及歷史系「合聘教授」以來，詩文箋釋一直是他念茲在茲的研究課題，晚年更以今典、古典兩類考釋總結相關研究，發展出一套獨特的批評架構。他對典故的重視與新文化運動以來各種反對用典的聲音正是背道而馳，胡適的「八不主義」提倡不用典，並且屢以陳三立的作品為反面教材，錢玄同更把用典與白話文對立起來，主張全盤摒棄典故。然而典故在白話文中的消退，不等於它在文學理論層面上的失敗，出身外文系的錢鍾書在1930年代便仍多次強調典故的作用。在這種背景下，陳寅恪對典故的重視實有濃厚的翻案意味。本文正是循此思路著眼，考察陳寅恪如何通過對今典與古典的詮釋，重新確立典故在文學創作和實際批評中的價值。文章首先把陳寅恪的典故研究安置在文學批評的脈絡，全面整理和重構這種方法的形成過程、觀念義蘊和評鑑架構；繼而從文學理論及實際批評的角度闡明今典與古典考釋的共同學術預設，深化大家對典故批評的瞭解；最後會對這套方法的漏洞和詮釋局限作出客觀的評析，反思陳寅恪的論述是否足以回應五四以來有關用典的批評。

Chen Yinke's research focused on scholarship both ancient and modern, as well as both Chinese and foreign. Throughout his tenure as a professor in the Tsinghua University Departments of Chinese and History starting in 1931, he was constantly concerned with the exegesis of literary works. During his late years, he even categorized his related research exclusively into the studies of classical and contemporary allusion, and developed a unique critical framework. His emphasis on allusion directly opposed the voices against the use of allusion that arose at the outset of the New Culture Movement. In advocating his ＂Eight-Don'ts-ism＂ against allusion, Hu Shi frequently quoted Chen Sanli's poems as negative examples. Qian Xuantong even placed allusion as the antithesis of vernacular Chinese and urged the complete repudiation of all allusions. Despite their diminishing use in vernacular Chinese, however, allusion still had its place in the field of literary theory. During the early 1930s, Qian Zhongshu, a gifted student in the Department of Foreign Languages of Tsinghua University, still emphasized the positive sides of allusion. Nevertheless, Chen Yinke's emphasis on allusion in his research was still considered a revolt against the general trend at the time. In consideration of this particular background, this paper investigates how Chen Yinke reestablished the value of allusion in the fields of literary creation and practical criticism through the interpretation of classical and contemporary allusion. It starts with integrating Chen Yinke's studies of allusion into the context of literary criticism, and reorganizes and reconstructs the formation process, conceptual significance and evaluation framework of his methods. Then the common theoretical assumptions underlying both classical and contemporary allusion are delineated from the perspective of literary and practical criticism, so as to deepen our understanding of the allusive criticism. In the last section, this paper provides an objective assessment of the shortcomings and limitations of Chen Yinke's research methods. It also evaluates the validity of Chen Yinke's arguments against the challenges and criticisms of allusion popularized by the May Fourth Movement.

1. 李貴生, Guisheng(2015)。比興與微言之辨：以蔡元培紅學的經學淵源為中心。國文學報，57
   連結：
2. 李貴生, Guisheng(2017)。文學鑑賞與歷史詮釋：陳寅恪批評觀念探析。國文學報，62
   連結：
3. （宋）洪興祖, Xingzu(1983).楚辭補注.北京=Beijing:中華書局=Zhonghua shuju.
4. （宋）陸佃, Dian(1987).陶山集.上海=Shanghai:上海古籍出版社=Shanghai guji chubanshe.
5. （宋）黃庭堅, Tingjian(1986).山谷集.臺北=Taipei:臺灣商務印書館=Taiwan shangwu yinshuguan.
6. （明）沈泰（輯）, Tai(1995).盛明雜劇二集.上海=Shanghai:上海古籍出版社=Shanghai guji chubanshe.
7. （明）曹學佺（編）, Xuequan(1987).石倉歷代詩選.上海=Shanghai:上海古籍出版社=Shanghai guji chubanshe.
8. （明）郭勛（輯）, Xun(1995).雍熙樂府.上海=Shanghai:上海古籍出版社=Shanghai guji chubanshe.
9. （明）陳耀文（編）, Yaowen(1987).花草稡編.上海=Shanghai:上海古籍出版社=Shanghai guji chubanshe.
10. （南朝梁）劉勰, Xie,范文瀾（注）, Wenlan(1962).文心雕龍注.北京=Beijing:人民文學出版社=Renmin wenxue chubanshe.
11. （南朝梁）蕭統（編）, Tong,（唐）李善（注）, Shan(1986).文選.上海=Shanghai:上海古籍出版社=Shanghai guji chubanshe.
12. （南朝梁）鍾嶸, Rong,王叔岷（箋證）, Shumin(2007).鍾嶸詩品箋證稿.北京=Beijing:中華書局=Zhonghua shuju.
13. （唐）李白, Bai,瞿蛻園（注）, Tuiyuan,朱金城（注）, Jincheng(1980).李白集校注.上海=Shanghai:上海古籍出版社=Shanghai guji chubanshe.
14. （唐）杜甫, Fu,仇兆鰲（注）, Zhaoao(1999).杜詩詳注.北京=Beijing:中華書局=Zhonghua shuju.
15. （晉）陶潛, Qian,龔斌（校箋）, Bin(1999).陶淵明集校箋.上海=Shanghai:上海古籍出版社=Shanghai guji chubanshe.
16. （清）徐松（編）, Song(1997).宋會要輯稿.北京=Beijing:中華書局=Zhonghua shuju.
17. （清）彭定求（編）, Dingqiu,中華書局編輯部（點校）(1999).全唐詩.北京=Beijing:中華書局=Zhonghua shuju.
18. （清）錢謙益, Qianyi,錢曾（箋注）, Zeng(1995).牧齋初學集.上海=Shanghai:上海古籍出版社=Shanghai guji chubanshe.
19. Abrams, M. H.(1999).A Glossary of Literary Terms.Boston:Heinle & Heinle.
20. Stanley Tate Collins, The Interpretation of Vergil with Special Reference to Macrobius, Oxford: B. H. Blackwell, 1909.
21. T. S. Eliot, The Sacred Wood, London: Methuen & Co. Ltd., 1920.
22. Genette, Gérard(2001).Paratexts: Thresholds of Interpretation.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
23. Hinds, Stephen(1998).Allusion and Intertext: Dynamics of Appropriation in Roman Poetry.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
24. Irwin, William(2001).What Is an Allusion?.The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism,59(3)
25. Liu, Wan(1992).Poetics of allusion: Tu Fu, Li Shang-yin, Ezra Pound, and T. S. Eliot.Princeton, NJ:Princeton University.
26. Machacek, Gregory(2007).Allusion.PMLA,122(2)
27. Martin, Wallace(2008).Defining ‘Allusion’.PMLA,123(2)
28. Reed, Jane,Kinsley, William(2008).The Anatomy of Allusion.PMLA,123(1)
29. Ricks, Christopher B.(2002).Allusion to the Poets.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
30. Silk, Michael(2007).Hughes, Plath, and Aeschylus: Allusion and Poetic Language.Arion: A Journal of Humanities and the Classics,14(3)
31. Bernard J. Snell, Gain or Loss? An Appreciation of the Results of Recent Biblical Criticism, London: James Clarke & Co., 1895.
32. Wittgenstein, Ludwig(1992).Philosophical Investigations.Oxford:Blackwell Publishers.
33. 王寧, Ning,李國英, Guoying(1998)。李善的《昭明文選注》與徵引的訓詁體式。中外學者文選學論集，北京=Beijing:
34. 江弱水, Ruoshui(2009)。互文性理論鑒照下的中國詩學用典問題。外國文學評論，2009(1)
35. 何廣棪（編）, Guangyan(1974).陳寅恪先生著述目錄編年.香港=Hong Kong:珠海書院文史研究學會=Zhuhai shuyuan wenshi yanjiu xuehui.
36. 余英時, Yingshi(1991).猶記風吹水上鱗：錢穆與現代中國學術.臺北=Taipei:三民書局=Sanmin shuju.
37. 余英時, Yingshi(1998).陳寅恪晚年詩文釋證.臺北=Taipei:東大圖書=Dongda tushu.
38. 吳宓 Wu Mi：《吳宓詩集》Wu Mi shiji，上海 Shanghai：中華書局 Zhonghua shuju，1935 年。
39. 李丹, Dan(2013)。胡適的「不用典」與古代詩論用典觀念。北方論叢，240
40. 李貴生, Guisheng(2014)。索隱的合法性及其局限：蔡元培、胡適紅學論爭的範式意義。東方文化，47(1)
41. 李瑞明, Ruiming(2007)。陳寅恪的古典今事詩學。嘉興學院學報，19(5)
42. 宗廷虎, Tinghu,李金苓, Jinling(2015)。引用辭格審美發展的社會文化動因。湖南科技大學學報（社會科學版），18(1)
43. 侯長生, Changsheng(2008).同光體派的宋詩學.西安=Xian:陝西人民出版社=Shanxi renmin chubanshe.
44. 胡先驌, Xiansu,張大為（編）, Dawei,胡德熙（編）, Dexi,胡德焜（編）, Dekun(1995).胡先驌文存.南昌=Nanchang:江西高校出版社=Jiangxi gaoxiao chubanshe.
45. 胡迎建, Yingjian(2013).陳三立與同光體詩派研究.北京=Beijing:中國社會科學出版社=Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe.
46. 胡適, Shi,曹伯言（整理）, Boyan(2001).胡適日記全編.合肥=Hefei:安徽教育出版社=Anhui jiaoyu chubanshe.
47. 胡適 Hu Shi、陳獨秀 Chen Duxiu：〈通信〉“Tongxin”，《新青年》Xin qingnian 第 2 卷第 2 號，1916 年 10 月。
48. 胡適, Shi,歐陽哲生（編）, Zhesheng(1998).胡適文集.北京=Beijing:北京大學出版社=Beijing daxue chubanshe.
49. 胡適, Shi,歐陽哲生（編）, Zhesheng(1998).胡適文集.北京=Beijing:北京大學出版社=Beijing daxue chubanshe.
50. 胡適, Shi,歐陽哲生（編）, Zhesheng(1998).胡適文集.北京=Beijing:北京大學出版社=Beijing daxue chubanshe.
51. 胡適, Shi,歐陽哲生（編）, Zhesheng(1998).胡適文集.北京=Beijing:北京大學出版社=Beijing daxue chubanshe.
52. 孫康宜, Kangyi,李奭學（譯）, Shixue(1998).陳子龍柳如是詩詞情緣.西安=Xian:陝西師範大學出版社=Shanxi shifan daxue chubanshe.
53. 秦亞勛, Yaxun,姚曉東, Xiaodong(2014)。傳統及當代漢語「用典」規範的當代修辭觀。福建師範大學學報（哲學社會科學版），184
54. 張杰, Jie,楊燕麗, Yanli(2000).追憶陳寅恪.北京=Beijing:社會科學文獻出版社=Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe.
55. 張素格, Suge(2008)。引用修辭準則探微。修辭學習，147
56. 張素格, Suge,宋燕鵬, Yanpeng(2006)。「引用」理論研究的奠基之作─解讀劉勰《文心雕龍•事類》篇的修辭價值。河北科技大學學報（社會科學版），6(4)
57. 張健, Jian(2015).知識與抒情─宋代詩學研究.北京=Beijing:北京大學出版社=Beijing daxue chubanshe.
58. 張暉, Hui(2012).中國「詩史」傳統.北京=Beijing:生活•讀書•新知三聯書店=Shenghuo, dushu, xinzhi sanlian shudian.
59. 梁羽生, Yusheng(1996).名聯觀止.臺北=Taipei:臺灣古籍出版社=Taiwan guji chubanshe.
60. 郭沫若, Moruo(1961).文史論集.北京=Beijing:人民出版社=Renmin chubanshe.
61. 陳平原（編）, Pingyuan,王楓（編）, Feng(1997).追憶王國維.北京=Beijing:中國廣播電視出版社=Zhongguo guangbo dianshi chubanshe.
62. 陳衍, Yan(1995).石遺室文集.上海=Shanghai:上海古籍出版社=Shanghai guji chubanshe.
63. 陳衍, Yan(2004).石遺室詩話.北京=Beijing:人民文學出版社=Renmin wenxue chubanshe.
64. 陳寅恪, Yinke(2001).寒柳堂集.北京=Beijing:生活•讀書•新知三聯書店=Shenghuo, dushu, xinzhi sanlian shudian.
65. 陳寅恪, Yinke(2001).金明館叢稿二編.北京=Beijing:生活•讀書•新知三聯書店=Shenghuo, dushu, xinzhi sanlian shudian.
66. 陳寅恪, Yinke(2001).書信集.北京=Beijing:生活•讀書•新知三聯書店=Shenghuo, dushu, xinzhi sanlian shudian.
67. 陳寅恪, Yinke(2001).元白詩箋證稿.北京=Beijing:生活•讀書•新知三聯書店=Shenghuo, dushu, xinzhi sanlian shudian.
68. 陳寅恪 Chen Yinke：〈論李懷光之叛〉“Lun Li Huaiguang zhi pan”，《清華學報》Qinghua xuebao 第 12 卷第 3 期，1937 年 7 月。
69. 陳寅恪, Yinke(2001).金明館叢稿初編.北京=Beijing:生活•讀書•新知三聯書店=Shenghuo, dushu, xinzhi sanlian shudian.
70. 陳寅恪 Chen Yinke：〈讀哀江南賦〉“Du ai jiangnan fu”，《清華學報》Qinghua xuebao 第 13 卷第 1 期，1941 年 4 月。
71. 陳寅恪, Yinke(2009).柳如是別傳.北京=Beijing:生活•讀書•新知三聯書店=Shenghuo, dushu, xinzhi sanlian shudian.
72. 陳望道, Wangdao(1997).修辭學發凡.上海=Shanghai:上海教育出版社=Shanghai jiaoyu chubanshe.
73. 黃健, Jian(2007)。從胡適對古典詩詞的評介看他的修辭觀。湘南學院學報，28(6)
74. 葉金輝, Jinhui(2012)。梅光迪對胡適學術思想的影響。江漢大學報，31(5)
75. 葛林布萊, Stephen,宋美瑩（譯）, Meiying(2007).推理莎士比亞.臺北=Taipei:貓頭鷹出版社=Maotouying chubanshe.
76. 劉師培, Shipei,陳引馳（編校）, Yinchi(1997).劉師培中古文學論集.北京=Beijing:中國社會科學出版社=Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe.
77. 劉順, Shun(2013)。陳寅恪「詩史互證」論析─兼及「詩史研究」。北方論叢，240
78. 劉毓慶, Yuqing,郭萬金, Wanjin(2009).從文學到經學─先秦兩漢詩經學史論.上海=Shanghai:華東師範大學出版社=Huadong shifan daxue chubanshe.
79. 潘建偉, Jianwei(2011)。五四前後關於詩的用典之爭及其詩學意義。浙江學刊，188
80. 蔣天樞, Tianshu(1997).陳寅恪先生編年事輯（增訂本）.上海=Shanghai:上海古籍出版社=Shanghai guji chubanshe.
81. 蔡元培, Yuanpei(2008).石頭記索隱.上海=Shanghai:上海書店出版社=Shanghai shudian chubanshe.
82. 錢基博 Qian Jibo：《現代中國文學史》Xiandai zhongguo wenxueshi，上海Shanghai：世界書局 Shijie shuju，1935 年。
83. 錢鍾書, Zhongshu(2001).寫在人生邊上的邊上.北京=Beijing:生活•讀書•新知三聯書店=Shenghuo, dushu, xinzhi sanlian shudian.
84. 錢鍾書, Zhongshu(1997).錢鍾書散文.杭州=Hangzhou:浙江文藝出版社=Zhejiang wenyi chubanshe.
85. 顏崑陽, Kunyang(2005).李商隱詩箋釋方法論：中國古典詮釋學例說.臺北=Taipei:里仁書局=Liren shuju.
86. 羅積勇, Jiyong(2005).用典研究.武漢=Wuhan:武漢大學出版社=Wuhan daxue chubanshe.
87. 嚴志雄, Zhixiong(2013).秋柳的世界：王士禛與清初詩壇側議.香港=Hong Kong:香港大學出版社=Xianggang daxue chubanshe.

1. 邱怡瑄(2020)。詩史在「新我」與「故吾」之間：論瞿蛻園《補書堂詩錄》。臺大中文學報，70，87-137。
2. 嚴志雄(2019)。陳寅恪論錢謙益「推崇曹能始踰越分量」考辨。中國文哲研究集刊，55，83-135。
3. (2023)。從諷勸到剖白：論錢謙益〈呂留侯字說〉兼述呂氏家難。中國文化研究所學報，77，35-72。