論因果律與自由意志之關聯性

The Connection of Causal Law and Free Will

10.29650/TCUJHSS.202010_(25).0002

杜嘉玲(Chia-Lin Tu)

主體意向 ； 自由意志 ； 邏輯必然性 ； 行為者因果關係 ； 事件因果關係 ； Intention ； Free will ； Necessity ； Agent Causation ； Event Causation

慈濟大學人文社會科學學刊

25期（2020 / 10 / 01）

28 - 47

繁體中文

在道德哲學的眾多議題中，自由意志與道德責任的關係一直是熱門的討論問題，在追究道德責任時，「自由」這個存在於我們生活之中的「價值概念」常是構成價值判斷的基礎，因為只有當自我擁有多個不同的可能選擇時，我們才會論斷自主性與否，才有行為主體對於自主性的行為責任決斷。自由意志的問題在於，哲學家認為它與必然性無法共存在自然世界，尤其在當代科學的進步使得我們更有理由相信因果決定論（causal determinism）。然而，我們同時也相信人有自由意志。倘若社會中存在著道德責任，意味著每個人都得擔負自己的行為責任，也因此，自由意志是道德責任之所以可能的必要條件。這樣看來，「因果必然性」、「自由」、和「責任」造成了道德判斷上的不一致，本篇論文的重點將對以行為者因果關係（agent causation）為立基點，重新思考自由意志與道德責任的關係。

Thoughts of free will and determinism have engaged philosophers for a long time. While talking about moral responsibility, we usually regard ourselves as free beings and are responsible for the actions we perform. But it conflicts with the belief that strict, universal laws of nature govern the world, which is the basis of causal determinism. Hence, the problem of free will and causal laws is a problem about reconsiling attitudes we have toward the concept of causation. This essay will canvass the accounts of event causation and of agent causation, and the reanalyze the ideas of free will and responsibility.

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