眾聲喧嘩即倫理實踐：從Mikhail Bakhtin的語藝觀談起

Heteroglossia as the Practice of Ethics: A Perspective on Rhetoric from Mikhail Bakhtin

10.6195/cjcr.2014.26.05

王孝勇(Hsiao-Yung Wang)

巴赫汀 ； 外在對話性 ； 倫理實踐 ； 眾聲喧嘩 ； 語藝 ； 諧擬展演 ； Mikhail Bakhtin ； outer dialogicity ； the practice of ethics ； heteroglossia ； rhetoric ； parodic performance

中華傳播學刊

26期（2014 / 12 / 01）

137 - 173

繁體中文

本研究旨在從Mikhail Bakhtin的語藝觀，就眾聲喧嘩作為倫理實踐進行理論建構。首先，透過將眾聲喧嘩饒富辯證性與烏托邦色彩的倫理向度，本研究勾勒其語藝觀具體展現為詰問的必要性、倡議的有限／效性以及行動的策略性。其次，藉由Bakhtin複調小說作者與主角在外在對話性中重塑話語階層的主張，並進一步接合Butler的諧擬展演，本研究指出語藝言者策略性地依附於社會規約，但又能伺機暴露既定文化的強迫性與暴力性，即是眾聲喧嘩作為倫理實踐的語藝動能。

This study argues that heteroglossia should be regarded as the practice of ethics theoretically, based on Mikhail Bakhtin's perspective of rhetoric. This paper outlines dialectics and utopianism by referring to the necessity of rejoinder, the limitedness/effectiveness of advocacy, and the strategy of action inherent in the rhetoric of heteroglossia. Furthermore, a possible path is explored for practicing the ethics of heteroglossia by articulating Bakhtin's stratifications of language, as implicated in the outer dialogicity of polyphonic novels and Judith Butler's parodic performance. This study concludes that the ethics of heteroglossia might be embodied by temporary attachment to social prohibition; hereafter, the compulsory and contingent category of the pregiven cultural norms could be strategically disclosed through the rhetorical act of rhetor furthermore.

1. 王孝勇(2013)。從對話到對立的民主化實踐：Mikhail Bakhtin 對話主義的理論轉折與政治方案之初探。台灣民主季刊，10(3)，1-39。
   連結：
2. 王孝勇(2009)。掙脫語言的枷鎖？從Mikhail Bakhtin 論「表述」談起。政治與社會哲學評論，30，203-244。
   連結：
3. 王孝勇(2012)。Mikhail Bakhtin 的對話主義及其對批判論述分析的再延伸：以白玫瑰運動為例。政治與社會哲學評論，40，149-202。
   連結：
4. 王孝勇(2014)。Mikhail Bakhtin 眾聲喧嘩的倫理與倫理困境之反思。政治與社會哲學評論，48，135-191。
   連結：
5. 王孝勇(2011)。Mikhail Bakhtin 狂歡節概念的民主化意涵：從批判取向論述分析的理論困境談起。新聞學研究，108，183-223。
   連結：
6. 沈錦惠(2011)。時機與傳播情境：評介《語藝與時機：歷史、理論、實踐論文集》。傳播研究與實踐，1(2)，269-283。
   連結：
7. 舒子榕（2013.11.10）。〈蔡英文 呂秀蓮 都贊成多元成家〉，《中國時報》，A6 版
8. 蘋果日報（2013.03.16）。〈江揆：停建核四違憲〉，《蘋果日報》，1 版
9. 中國時報（2013.11.04）。〈伴侶盟爭取婚姻平權 多元成家攻防 價值觀大論戰〉，《中國時報》，A6 版
10. 聯合報（2013.11.15）。〈超前立法：「多元成家」三胞胎不必綁在一起〉，《聯合報》，A2 版
11. 黃力勉（2013.03.08）。〈蘭嶼：反核也反核廢料〉，《中國時報》，C2 版
12. 劉世怡（2014.04.29）。〈廢死聯盟赴法務部抗議執行死刑〉，《中央社》。上網日期：2014 年9 月20 日，取自http://www.cna.com.tw/topic/popular/4424-1/201404290416-1.aspx
13. Apusigah, A.,Luce-Kapler, R.,Smith, H. A.(2002).Dialogized heteroglossia in teaching: A cultural analysis of two teacher movies.Journal of Curriculum Theorizing,18(2),109-128.
14. Austin, J. L.(1975).How to do things with words.Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
15. Bakhtin, M. M.(2014).Bakhtin's defense.15th International Bakhtin Conference,Stockholm, Sweden:
16. Bakhtin, M. M.(2004).Dialogic origin and dialogic pedagogy of grammar: Stylistics in teaching Russian language in secondary school.Journal of Russian and East European Psychology,42(6),12-49.
17. Bakhtin, M. M.,Emerson, C.(Trans.)(1984).Problems of Dostoevsky's poetics.Minneapolis, MN:University of Minnesota Press.
18. Bakhtin, M. M.,McGee, V. W.(Trans.)(2004).Speech genres & other late essays.Austin, TX:University of Texas Press.
19. Burke, K.(1969).A grammar of motives.Berkeley, CA:University of California Press.
20. Butler, J.(1997).The psychic life of power: Theories in subjection.Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press.
21. Butler, J.(1997).Excitable speech: A politics of the performative.New York:Routledge.
22. Butler, L.(1999).Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity.New York:Routledge.
23. Dentith, S.(1995).Bakhtinian thought: An introductory reader.New York:Routledge.
24. Francis, B.(2012).Gender monoglossia, gender heteroglossia: The potential of Bakhtin's work for re-conceptualising gender.Journal of Gender Studies,21,1-15.
25. Frekko, S. E.(2011).Containing Castilian in Catalan talk radio: Heteroglossia and the projection of monoglot identities.Anthropological Quarterly,84,65-86.
26. Gardiner, M. E.(2013).Weak messianism: Essays in everyday utopianism.Bern, Switzerland:Peter Lang.
27. Gardiner, M. E.(2012).Post-romantic irony in Bakhtin and Lefebvre.History and Human Sciences,25(3),51-69.
28. Golden, J. L.,Berquist, G. F.,Coleman, W. E.,Sproule, J. M.(2010).The rhetoric of western thought: From the Mediterranean world to the global setting.Dubuque, IA:Kendall Hunt.
29. Halasek, K.(1998).Starting the dialogue: What can we do about Bakhtin's ambivalence toward rhetoric.Landmark essays on Bakhtin, rhetoric, and writing,Mahwah, NJ:
30. Harris, R. A.(1998).Bakhtin, Phaedrus, and the geometry of rhetoric.Landmark essays on Bakhtin, rhetoric, and writing,Mahwah, NJ:
31. Heath, D.(1992).Fashion, anti-fashion and heteroglossia in urban Senegal.American Ethnologist,19,19-33.
32. Hegel, G. W. F.(1977).Phenomenology of spirit.Oxford, NY:Oxford University Press.
33. Herrick, J. A.(2009).The history and theory of rhetoric: An introduction.Boston, MA:Pearson.
34. Holquist, M.(Ed.)(2002).The dialogic imagination: Four essays.Austin, TX:University of Austin Press.
35. Hopkins, M. F.(1989).The rhetoric of heteroglossia in Flannery O'Connor's Wise Blood.Quarterly Journal of Speech,75,198-211.
36. Jasinski, J.(1997).Hetoroglossia, polyphony, and The Federalist Papers.Rhetoric Society Quarterly,27,23-46.
37. Kristeva, J.(1980).Desire in language: A semiotic approach to literature and art.New York:Columbia University Press.
38. Lachmann, R.(2014).Bakhtin's speech theory and his approach to classical rhetoric.15th International Bakhtin Conference,Stockholm, Sweden:
39. LaFountain, P.(2010).Heteroglossia and media theory in Elfriede Jelinek's Die Liebhaberinnen.Modern Austrian Literature,43(1),43-64.
40. Mboti, N.,Tagwirei, C.(2014).Heteroglossia in G. H. Musengezi's The Honourable MP (1984).Critical Arts: South-North Cultural and Media Studies,28,178-198.
41. McIntire, G.(2005).Heteroglossia, monologism, and fascism: Bernard Reads The Waves.Narrative,13(1),29-45.
42. Morris, P.(Ed.)(1994).The Bakhtin reader: Selected writings of Bakhtin, Medvedev and Voloshinov.London:Arnold.
43. Morson, G. S.(Ed.),Emerson, C.(Ed.)(1989).Rethinking Bakhtin: Extensions and challenges.Evanston, IL:Northwestern University Press.
44. Murphy, J. J.,Katula, R. A.,Hill, F. I.,Ochs, D. J.,Meador, P.(1995).A synoptic history of classical rhetoric.Davis, CA:Hermagoras.
45. Murphy, J. J.,Katula, R. A.,Hoppmann, M.(2014).A synoptic history of classical rhetoric.New York:Routledge.
46. Murphy, J. M.(1997).Inventing authority: Bill Clinton, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the orchestration of rhetorical traditions.Quarterly Journal of Speech,83,71-89.
47. Murphy, J. M.(2001).Mikhail Bakhtin and the rhetorical tradition.Quarterly Journal of Speech,87(3),259-277.
48. Saljooghi, A.(2008).A Bakhtin reading of Kiarostami's film Close-up.Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies,17,189-200.
49. Schuster, C.(1998).Mikhail Bakhtin as rhetorical theorist.Landmark essays on Bakhtin, rhetoric, and writing,Mahwah, NJ:
50. Vološinov, V. N.,Matejka, L.(Trans.),Titunik, I. R.(Trans.)(1986).Marxism and the philosophy of language.Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
51. Weaver, R. M.(2009).The ethics of rhetoric.New York:Routledge.
52. Zizek, S.(Ed.)(1994).Mapping ideology.London:Verso.
53. 林意仁、黃厚銘(2011)。Mob-ility 中的眾聲喧嘩─論流動／群聚的網路起鬨及其政治意涵。E 世代重要議題─人文社會面向研討會，台灣，新竹:
54. 林靜伶(1993)。民主自由與語藝生存空間。傳播文化，1，67-80。
55. 林靜伶譯、Foss, S. K.、Foss, K. A.、Trapp, R.(1996)。當代語藝觀點。台北市:五南。
56. 邱戈(2011)。從對話倫理想像傳播的德行：哈貝馬斯、阿佩爾和巴赫金對話思想的比較與思考。浙江大學學報（人文社會科學版），41(1)，63-71。
57. 翁秀琪編(2004)。台灣傳播學的想像。台北市:巨流。
58. 楊克勤(2002)。古修辭學─希羅文化與聖經詮釋。台北市:道風書社。
59. 楊絳譯、Flower, H. N.Trans.(2002)。斐多。台北市:時報文化。
60. 廖子寬、王孝勇(2014)。從McKerrow 的批判語藝觀點看社會運動的正當性論述：以多元成家草案為例。2014 傳媒的公共性與產業發展學術研討會，台灣，嘉義:
61. 劉康(1995)。對話的喧聲：巴赫汀文化理論述評。台北市:麥田。

1. 林乃文(2017)。運動之後，敘事解散—解讀九○年代前衛劇場《星之暗湧》和《白水》的「失語」敘事。戲劇學刊，26，59-84。
2. 王孝勇(2016)。Mikhail Bakhtin「時空型」概念的視覺語藝意識與實踐之初探：以2014 年台北同志遊行為例。中華傳播學刊，30，143-178。
3. 王孝勇(2016)。從小說話語看眾聲群像：評介巴赫汀之《對話的想像：四篇論文》。傳播研究與實踐，6(1)，271-288。
4. 王孝勇(2018)。告別杜思妥也夫斯基？晚期巴赫汀思想的空間語藝觀與其時間／實踐性。新聞學研究，136，185-222。
5. 王孝勇(2018)。逆反時光、探訪視覺：視覺語藝的古典脈絡與其示現。傳播研究與實踐，8(2)，213-248。
6. 王孝勇(2019)。對話之外：從巴赫汀晚年「外部性」的觀點新義看理解的（不）可能性。政治與社會哲學評論，70，57-108。
7. (2017)。生活即創作、真實再進化：歐美影視同人論壇的性／別幻想與實作。靜宜人文社會學報，11(1)，225-280。