题名

「預期媒體影響的影響力」之反制反動員效果:第三人效果與選舉行為

并列篇名

Antidemobilizing Effect of the Influence of Presumed Media Influence: Third-Person Effect and Voting Behavior

DOI

10.6195/cjcr.2014.26.06

作者

林素真(Sue-Jen Lin);馬立君(Li-Chun Ma)

关键词

反動員效果 ; 政治冷漠感 ; 政治效能感 ; 第三人效果 ; 憤世嫉俗 ; demobilization effect ; political apathy ; political efficacy ; thirdperson effect ; cynicism

期刊名称

中華傳播學刊

卷期/出版年月

26期(2014 / 12 / 01)

页次

177 - 221

内容语文

繁體中文

中文摘要

本研究以2011年邱毅、陳致中的「世紀辯論會」為例,探討反動員及第三人效果對選民的影響。以多層集群方式募集的701位年輕選民,在隨機分派方式下,分別觀看「世紀辯論會」或控制影片。分析結果顯示,「世紀辯論會」會導致選民對政治不信任、對政治漠不關心及政治效能感的低落,進而降低其投票意願,並使其評估「世紀辯論會」對其他選民的影響大於對自己的影響,此反動員及第三人效果同時會影響選民規範媒體的意願及其選舉行為。

英文摘要

This study investigated the demobilizing and third-person effects of the 2011 Debate of the Century between Chou and Chen on the intention of young voters to censor media and their willingness to vote. Participants (n = 701) were randomly assigned to either the experimental group to watch the Debate of the Century or the control group to watch a control film. The videos were equal in length. Results of statistical analysis indicate that the Debate of the Century tended to induce voter distrust, political apathy, and low political efficacy, thereby reducing voters' willingness to vote. Additionally, the participants perceived that the impact of the Debate of the Century was greater on other voters than on themselves. The demobilizing and third-person effects not only influence the intention of voters to censor media but also their voting behavior.

主题分类 社會科學 > 傳播學
参考文献
  1. 林素真(2009)。總統大選公民辯論會之第三人效果。新聞學研究,101,45-8。
    連結:
  2. 彭文正(2007)。第三人效果的理解與疑惑。中華傳播學刊,12,3-52。
    連結:
  3. 陳敏如(2011.12.14)。〈陳致中PK 邱毅 辯論談妮可假髮〉,《台視新聞》,上網日期2011 年12 月14 日,取自https://zh-tw.facebook.com/ttvweb/posts/206937546054970
  4. 王志堅(2011.12.13)。〈邱陳辯論敲定 13 日晚高市議會登場〉,《今日新聞網》,上網日期:2012 年12 月13 日,取自http://www.nownews.com/2011/12/13/301-2766025.htm
  5. 曾懿晴、歐陽良盈、徐如宜(2011.12.14)。〈撕髮迫害 笑果十足〉。《聯合報》,A5 版
  6. Lasswell, H. (1948). Power and personality. New York: Norton
  7. 胡宗鳳(2011.12.13)。〈爆料天王PK 復仇王子 邱毅陳致中今晚辯論〉,《聯合報》,A4 版
  8. 王健壯(2011.12.11)。〈一場鬧劇的意外收穫〉,《聯合報》,A15 版
  9. 中時民調中心(2011.12.21)。〈毅中各表的辯論〉,《中國時報》,A15 版
  10. 胡宗鳳、陳宏瑞(2011.12.14)。〈毅、中各表吃重鹹 觀眾滿場看笑話〉,《聯合報》,A5 版
  11. Ansolabehere, S.,Iyengar, S.(1995).Going negative: How political advertisements shrink and polarize the electorate.New York:The Free Press.
  12. Ansolabehere, S.,Iyengar, S.,Simon, A.(1999).Replicating experiments using aggregate and survey data: The case of negative advertising and turnout.American Political Review,93,901-909.
  13. Ansolabehere, S.,Iyengar, S.,Simon, A.,Valentino, N.(1994).Does attack advertising demobilize the electorate?.American Political Science Review,88,829-838.
  14. Atwood, L. E.(1994).Illusions of media power: The third-person effect.Journalism Quarterly,71,269-281.
  15. Austin, E. W.,Pinkleton, B. E.(1995).Positive and negative effects of political disaffection on the less experienced voter.Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media,39,215-235.
  16. Banducci, S. A.,Karp, J. A.(2003).How elections change the way citizens view the political system: Campaigns, media effects and electoral outcomes in comparative perspective.British Journal of Political Science,33,443-467.
  17. Banning, S. A.(2006).Third-person effects on political participation.Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly,83,785-800.
  18. Boyle, M. P.,McLeod, D. M.,Rojas, H.(2008).The role of ego enhancement and perceived message exposure in third-person judgments concerning violent video games.American Behavioral Scientist,52,165-185.
  19. Brooks, D. J.,Geer, J. G.(2007).Beyond negativity: The effects of incivility on the electorate.American Journal of Political Science,51,1-16.
  20. Brosius, H. B.,Engel, D.(1996).The causes of third-person effects: Unrealistic optimism, impersonal impact, or generalized negative attitudes towards media influence?.International Journal of Public Opinion Research,8,142-162.
  21. Campbell, A.,Gurin, G.,Miller, W. E.(1954).The voter decides.Evanston, IL:Row Peterson.
  22. Cappella, J. N.,Jamieson, K. H.(1996).News frames, political system, and media system.The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,546,71-84.
  23. Cappella, J. N.,Jamieson, K. H.(1997).Spiral of cynicism.Oxford, UK:Oxford University Press.
  24. Chang, C.(2007).Politically mobilizing vs. demobilizing media: A mediation model.Asian Journal of Communication,17,362-380.
  25. Chapin, J. R.(2002).Third-person perception and school violence.Communication Research Reports,19,216-215.
  26. Cheng, H.,Riffe, D.(2008).Attention, perception, and perceived effects: Negative political advertising in battleground state of the 2004 presidential election.Mass Communication and Society,11,177-196.
  27. Chia, S. C.(2007).Third-person perceptions about idealized body image and weight-loss behavior.Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly,84,677-694.
  28. Chia, S. C.,Lu, K. H.,McLeod, D. M.(2004).Sex, lies, and video compact disc: A case study on third-person perception and motivations for media censorship.Communication Research,31,109-130.
  29. Cho, H.,Boster, F. J.(2008).First and third person perceptions on antidrug ads among adolescents.Communication Research,35,169-189.
  30. Cho, J.(2009).Disengaging media effects from debate effects: The presentation mode of televised debates and viewer decision making.Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly,86,383-400.
  31. Cho, J.,Shah, D. V.,Nah, S.,Brossard, D.(2009)."Split screens" and "spin rooms": Debate modality, post-debate coverage, and the new videomalaise.Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media,53,242-261.
  32. Cohen, J.,Davis, R. G.(1991).Third-person effects and the differential impact in negative political advertising.Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly,68,680-686.
  33. Cohen, J.,Mutz, D.,Price, V.,Gunther, A. C.(1988).Perceived impact of defamation: An experiment on third-person effects.Public Opinion Quarterly,52,161-173.
  34. Cohen, J.,Tsfati, Y.(2009).The influence of presumed media influence on strategic voting.Communication Research,36,359-378.
  35. Cohen, J.,Tsfati, Y.,Sheafer, T.(2008).The influence of presumed media influence in politics: Do politician' perceptions of media power matter?.Public Opinion Quarterly,72,331-344.
  36. David, P.,Johnson, M. A.(1998).The role of self in third-person effects about body image.Journal of Communication,48(4),37-58.
  37. Davison, W. P.(1983).The third-person effect in communication.Public Opinion Quarterly,47,1-15.
  38. de Vreese, C. H.(2005).The spiral of cynicism reconsidered.European Journal of Communication,20,283-301.
  39. Duck, J. M.,Mullin, B. A.(1995).The perceived impact of the mass media: Reconsidering the third-person effect.European Journal of Social Psychology,25,77-95.
  40. Elenbaas, M.,de Vreese, C. H.(2008).The effects of strategic news on political cynicism and vote choice among young voters.Journal of Communication,58(3),550-567.
  41. Eveland, W. P., Jr.,Nathanson, A. I.,Detenber, B. H.,McLeod, D. M.(1999).Rethinking the social distance corollary: Perceived likelihood of exposure and the third-person perception.Communication Research,26,275-302.
  42. Finkel, S. E.,Geer, J. G.(1998).A spot check: Casting doubt on the demobilizing effect of attack advertising.American Journal of Political Science,42,573-595.
  43. Forgette, R.,Morris, J. S.(2006).High conflict television news and public opinion.Political Research Quarterly,59,447-456.
  44. Golan, G. J.,Banning, S. A.,Lundy, L.(2008).Likelihood to vote, candidate choice, and the third-person effect: Behavioral implications of political advertising in the 2004 presidential election.American Behavioral Scientists,52,278-290.
  45. Gunther, A. C.(1991).What we think others think: Cause and consequences in the third-person effect.Communication Research,18,355-372.
  46. Gunther, A. C.(1995).Overrating the X-rating: The third-person perception and support for censorship of pornography.Journal of Communication,45(1),27-38.
  47. Gunther, A. C.,Hwa, A. P.(1996).Public perceptions of television influence and opinions about censorship in Singapore.International Journal of Public Opinion Research,8,248-265.
  48. Gunther, A. C.,Mundy, P.(1993).Biased optimism and the third-person effect.Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly,70,58-67.
  49. Gunther, A. C.,Storey, J. D.(2003).The influence of presumed influence.Journal of Communication,53(2),199-215.
  50. Gunther, A. C.,Thorson, E.(1992).Perceived persuasive effects of product commercials and public service announcements: Third-person effects in new domains.Communication Research,19,574-596.
  51. Hoorens, V.,Ruiter, S.(1996).The optimal impact phenomenon: Beyond the third-person effect.European Journal of Social Psychology,26,599-610.
  52. Innes, J. M.,Zeitz, H.(1988).The public's view of the impact of the mass media: A test of the "third person" effect.European Journal of Social Psychology,18,457-463.
  53. Irwin, G. A.,Van Holsteyn, J. J. M.(2002).According to the polls: The influence of opinion polls on expectations.Public Opinion Quarterly,66,92-104.
  54. Jackson, R. A.,Mondak, J. J.,Huckfeldt, R.(2009).Examining the possible corrosive impact of negative advertising on citizens' attitudes toward politics.Political Research Quarterly,62,55-69.
  55. Jamieson, K. H.,Cappella, J. N.(1996).Bridging the disciplinary divide.PS: Political Science and Politics,29,13-17.
  56. Kahn, K. F.,Kenny, P. J.(1999).Do negative campaigns mobilize or suppress turnout? Clarifying the relationship between negativity and participation.American Political Science Review,93,877-890.
  57. Lariscy, R. W.,Tinkham, S. F.,Sweetser, K. D.(2011).Kids these days: Examining differences in political uses and gratifications, Internet political participation, political information efficacy, and cynicism on the basis of age.American Behavioral Scientist,55,749-764.
  58. Lau, R. R.,Sigelman, L.,Heldman, C.,Babbit, P.(1999).The effects of negative political advertisements: A meta-analytic review.American Political Science Review,93,851-875.
  59. Lau, R. R.,Sigelman, L.,Rovner, I. B.(2007).The effects of negative political campaigns: A meta-analytic reassessment.The Journal of Politics,69,1176-1209.
  60. Leone, R.,Bissell, K. L.(2006).Movie ratings and third-person perception.Atlantic Journal of Communication,13,272-291.
  61. Lo, V. H.,Wei, R.(2002).Third-person effect, gender, pornography on the Internet.Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media,46(1),13-33.
  62. McLeod, D. M.,Detenber, B. H.,Eveland, W. P.(2001).Behind the thirdperson effect: Differentiating perceptual processes for self and other.Journal of Communication,51,678-695.
  63. McLeod, D. M.,Eveland, W. P.,Nathanson, A. I.(1997).Support for censorship of violent and misogynic rap lyrics: An analysis of the thirdperson effect.Communication Research,24,153-174.
  64. Meirick, P. C.(2004).Topic-relevant reference groups and dimensions of distance: Political advertising and first and third-person effects.Communication Research,31,234-255.
  65. Mutz, D. C.(1989).The influence of perceptions of media influence: Third person effects and the public expression of opinions.International Journal of Public Opinion Research,1,3-23.
  66. Mutz, D. C.,Reeves, B.(2005).The new videomalaise: Effects of televised incivility on political trust.American Political Science Review,99,1-15.
  67. Paul, B.,Salwen, M. B.,Dupagne, M.(2000).The third-person effect: A meta-analysis of the perceptual hypothesis.Mass Communication and Society,3,57-85.
  68. Perloff, R. M.(1999).The third-person effect: A critical review and synthesis.Media Psychology,1,353-378.
  69. Pinkleton, B. E.,Austin, E. W.(2004).Media perceptions and public affairs: Apathy in the politically inexperienced.Mass Communication and Society,7,319-337.
  70. Pinkleton, B. E.,Austin, E. W.,Fortman, K. K. J.(1998).Relationships of media use and political disaffection to political efficacy and voting behavior.Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media,42,34-49.
  71. Price, V.,Tewksbury, D.,Huang, L. N.(1998).Third-person effects on publication of a Holocaust-denial advertisement.Journal of Communication,48(2),3-26.
  72. Robinson, M. J.(1976).Public affairs television and the growth of political malaise: The case of "The Selling of the Pentagon".American Political Science Review,70,409-432.
  73. Rojas, H.,Shah, D. V.,Faber, R. J.(1996).For the good of others: Censorship and the third-person effect.International Journal of Public Opinion Research,8,163-186.
  74. Rucinski, D.,Salmon, C. T.(1990).The "other" as the vulnerable voter: A study of the third-person effect in the 1988 U.S. presidential campaign.International Journal of Public Opinion Research,2,345-368.
  75. Salwen, M. B.(1998).Perceptions of media influence and support for censorship: The third-person effect in the 1996 presidential election.Communication Research,25,259-285.
  76. Salwen, M. B.,Dupagne, M.(2003).News of Y2K and experiencing Y2K: Exploring the relationship between the third-person effect and optimistic bias.Media Psychology,5,57-82.
  77. Shah, D. V.,Faber, R. J.,Youn, S. E.(1999).Susceptibility and severity.Communication Research,26,240-267.
  78. Tsfati, Y.,Cohen, J.(2003).On the effect of the "third-person effect": Perceived influence of media coverage and residential mobility intentions.Journal of Communication,53,711-727.
  79. Tsfati, Y.,Cohen, J.(2005).The influence of presumed media influence on democratic legitimacy: The case of Gaza settlers.Communication Research,32,794-821.
  80. Valentino, N. A.,Beckmann, M. N.,Buhr, T. A.(2001).A spiral of cynicism for some: The contingent effects of campaign news frames on participation and confidence in government.Political Communication,18,347-367.
  81. Wan, F.(2003).Perceived impact of thin female models in advertising: A cross-cultural examination of third person perception and its impact on behaviors.Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics,15,51-73.
  82. Wattenberg, M. P.,Brians, C. L.(1999).Negative campaign advertising: Demobilizer or mobilize?.American Political Science Review,93,891-899.
  83. Wei, R.,Chia, S. C.,Lo, V. H.(2011).Third-person effect and hostile media perception influences on voter attitudes toward polls in the 2008 U.S. presidential election.International Journal of Public Opinion Research,23,169-190.
  84. Wei, R.,Lo, V. H.,Lu, H. Y.(2011).Examining the perceptual gap and behavioral intention in the perceived effects of polling news in the 2008 Taiwan presidential election.Communication Research,38,206-227.
  85. Willnat, L.(1996).Mass media and political outspokenness in Hong Kong: Linking the third-person effect and the spiral of silence.International Journal of Public Opinion Research,8,187-212.
  86. 洪雅慧(2007)。網路電子郵件之「第三人效果」與「第一人效果」─以台灣「319 槍擊疑雲」電子郵件散播為例。新聞學研究,90,1-42。
  87. 張卿卿(2002)。競選新聞框架與廣告訴求對選民政治效能與信賴感的影響。新聞學研究,70,135-165。
  88. 陳憶寧(2002)。候選人負面新聞與新聞框架對政治憤世嫉俗與政治責任歸屬的影響。中華傳播學刊,1,215-247。
  89. 羅文輝(2000)。性策略理論、性別、第三人效果與支持限制色情媒介。新聞學研究,63,201-222。
  90. 羅文輝(2000)。負面內容與社會距離對第三人效果認知的影響。新聞學研究,65,95-129。
被引用次数
  1. (2021)。Facebook假新聞第三人效果研究。傳播與社會學刊,55,19-56。
  2. (2021)。政黨認同與社會距離如何影響第三人效果與第一人效果:以大數據與網路調查來檢視85°C事件。中華傳播學刊,40,191-230。