宋代刻書業的發展與宋詩的近世化現象

The Development of Printing in the Song Dynasty and the Modernization of Poetry

10.6999/DHJCS.201006.0123

內山精也(Uchiyama Seiya)

宋代刻書業 ； 傳統詩歌的世俗化 ； 士大夫 ； 官刻本和坊刻本 ； 陳起和江湖詩集 ； printing in the Song Dynasty ； popularization of classic poetry ； intellectuals ； official printing and private printing ； Chen Qi and Jianghu-shiji

東華漢學

11期（2010 / 06 / 01）

123 - 168

繁體中文

本文以「近世」的最重要的關鍵詞是「通俗化」、「大眾化」為前提，具體論述宋代刻書業的發展對居於中國言語文化傳統之中心的詩歌，究竟產生了怎樣的影響，又帶來了怎樣的「近世化現象」。 在南北兩宋近三個世紀之間，印刷刻書業飛速發展，印刷本（＝刻本）開始在社會各個階層發生影響。但是，正因為發展速度是飛速的，因此對於南北兩宋，刻本的影響力存在著很大的差異。可以這樣認為，北宋是刻本的有用性（或實用性）開始滲透到士大夫階層的時代；而南宋，則是刻本的有用性開始擴大到都市非士大夫的市民階層的時代。 本文將注意宋代刻書業的這一變化，進一步關注詩學關連書籍的出版情況，從而考察論題中提到的課題。首先，關於刻書開始普及的北宋中期～末期，11世紀後半葉到12世紀前半葉的狀況，從士大夫對記載於書籍的各種情報裏的態度變化這一視角考察，寫下了其影響的強大。其次，對於南宋初期到中期，通過分析蘇軾詩注《王狀元分類集注東坡先生詩》25卷，具體記錄了南宋以降詩註本激增的這一特徵。更進一步提出宋元之間激增的有關詩學的類書、教本、詩話集，探討這些書籍出版的意義。最後論及南宋末期流行的江湖派的創作活動，關注杭州的書店店主陳起的出版活動支撐了江湖詩派流行的這一事實，明確了民間書肆組織民間詩人，通過陸續刊行同時代無名詩人的詩集，使新的詩歌潮流產生的情形。在此基礎上得出結論：由這一現象可以看出傳統詩歌的世俗化，也就是近世化的經過。

With respect to the concept that ”popularization” is the most important keyword in early modern culture, I herein discuss the influence of the development of printing in the Song Dynasty on classic poetry, which used to be the center of Chinese literature. For about three centuries from the Northern to the Southern Song Dynasty, printing developed rapidly and contributed greatly to create a society where printed books were read by people from upper and middle classes of society. However, despite rapid increases in the number of printings, the penetration of printed books into the society was gradual; printed books were only appreciated by intellectual people in the Northern Song Dynasty, whereas they were widely accepted by non-intellectual citizens in the Southern Song Dynasty. I would like to discuss how printed books altered the consciousness of intellectual people from the middle to the end of the Northern Song Era, which corresponded to the late 11 and early 12 centuries. I also discuss the effect of printed books on people in the early to the middle Southern Song Era, using Wang zhuangyuan fenlei jizhu Dongpo xiansheng shi by Su Shi as a subject of analysis. I also analyze the content of increasing numbers of printed books in the late Southern Song to the Yuan Dynasty, such as those related to poetry, selections, textbooks, and collections of poems and stories, and discuss the significance of these printed articles. Finally, I discuss contribution by the publisher Chen Qi in the Hangzhou district, who strongly supported the poem-making activities of poets in the Jianghu Groupe, the most popular group of poets in the late Southern Song Dynasty. I would like to discuss a process of how ordinary publishers organized poets in the society; this is a process of how non-famous poets come to receive highest reputation in the society, which could not be achieved without the development of printing at that time. This is the very way by which the traditional poems became popular in the society in the modern trend of popularization.

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