植物抗氧化劑於癌症上之應用

The Applicaiton of Plant Antioxidants for the Cancer

10.30001/JIES.200602.0010

呂兆倉；林青玫；鄭富元

自由基 ； 抗氧化劑 ； in vitro ； in vivo ； 低聚花色素原

美容科技學刊

3卷1期（2006 / 02 / 01）

123 - 135

繁體中文

不論東西方人，因癌症而死亡的人數，往往高過於其他病症所引起的死亡人數，所以，如何預防癌症的發生，己是非常迫切近身的問題。人體代謝食物產生能量的同時，大量的自由基會伴隨産生，體內雖有去除自由基的機制，但往往無法讓生成與去除達到平衡，而會有多餘自由基殘存下來。自由基具有極強的氧化能力，會破壞細胞組織，進而造成癌症的形成；然而抗氧化劑卻擁有抗氧化能力，可有效去除自由基的氧化能力，進而達到預防或降低罹患癌症的風險。已有相當多的流行病學的研究報告指出，多食富含抗氧化劑的蔬果，確可降低癌症的罹患率。蔬果及茶葉中所含之抗氧化劑包括α-胡羅蔔互、β-胡羅蔔素、茄紅素、兒茶素類及低聚花色素原，這些天然的植物抗氧化劑於in vitro中確可預防癌症的形成或是抑制癌細胞的生長，但於in vivo中之研究則較少探討。雖是如此，流行病的研究報告於減少癌症的罹患率上皆有正面效果，所以，體內保持適量抗氧化劑的濃度對癌症的預防應有不錯的功效。

1. 呂光倉、林青玫(2003)。兼具保健與美容功效之天然色素－茄紅素。美容科技學刊，1，37-45。
   連結：
2. 呂光倉、林青玫、鄭富元(2005)。綠茶之兒茶素類於健康上之影響。美容科技學刊，2，47-59。
   連結：
3. Agarwal S.,Rao A. V.(2000).Tomato lycopene and its role in human health and chronic diseases.C. M. A. J.,163,739-744.
4. Ames B. N.,Gold L. S.,Willet W. C.(1995).Causes and prevention of cancer.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,92,5258-5265.
5. Ames, B. N.(1992).Pollution, pesticides and cancer.J. AOAC Int,75,1-5.
6. Bagchi D.,Bagchi M.,Stohs S. J.,Das D. K.,Ray S. D.,Kuszynski C. A.,Joshi S. S.,Pruess H. G.(2000).Free radicals and grape seed proanthocyanidin extract: importance in human health and disease prevention.Toxicology,148,187-197.
7. Bagchi D.,Garg A.,Krohn R. L.,Bagchi M.,Bagchi D. J.,Balmoori J.,Stohs S. J.(1998).Protective effects of grape seed proanthocyanidins and selected antioxidants against TPA-induced hepatic and brain lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation, and peritoneal macrophagc activation in mice.Gne. Pharmacol,30,771-776.
8. Bagchi D.,Sen C. K.,Ray S. D.,Das D. K.,Bagchi M.,Preuss H. G.,Vinson J. A.(2003).Molecular mechanisms of cardioprotection by a novel rape seed proanthocyanidin extract.Mutat. Res.
9. Berger M. M.(2005).Can oxidative damage be treated nutritionally.Clin. Nutr,24,172-183.
10. Borek C.(2004).Dietary antioxidants and human cancer.Integr. Cancer Ther,3,333-341.
11. Boyer J.,Liu R. H.(2004).Apple phytochemicals and their health benefits.Nutr. J,3,1-15.
12. Burton G. W.,Ingold K. U.(1984).β-Carotene: an unusual type of lipid antioxidant.Science,224,569-573.
13. Clinton S. K.,Emenhiser C.,Schwartz S. J.,Bostwick D. G.,Williams A. W.,Moore B. J.,Erdman J. W.(1996).Cis-trans lycopene isomers, carotenoids, and retinol in the human prostate.Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prey,5,823-833.
14. Collins A. R.(2005).Antioxidant intervention as a route to cancer prevention.Fur. J. Cancer,41,1923-1930.
15. Crespy V.,Williamson G.(2004).A review of the health effects of green tea catechins in in vivo animal models.J. Nutr,134,3431-3440.
16. DiMascio P.,Kaiser S.,Sies H.(1989).Lycopene as the most effective biological carotenoid singlet oxygen quencher.Arch. Biochem. Biophys,274,532-538.
17. Djordjevic V. B.(2004).Free radicals in cell biology.Int. Rev. Cytol,237,57-89.
18. Donaldson M. S.(2004).Nutrition and cancer: a review of the evidence for an anti-cancer diet.Nutr. J.,3,19.
19. Doss M. X.,Potta S. P.,Hescheler J.,Sachindis A.(2005).Trapping of growth factors by catechins: a possible therapeutical target for proliferative diseases.J. Nutr. Biochem,16,259-266.
20. Fine A. M.(2000).Oligomeric proanthocyanidin complexes: history, structure, and phytopharmaceutical applications.Altern. Med. Rev.,5,144-151.
21. Galli F.,Piroddi M.,Annetti C.,Aisa C.,Floridi E.,Floridi, A.(2005).Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species.Contri. Nephrol,149,240-260.
22. Gartner C.,Stahl W.,Sies H.(1997).Lycopene is more bioavailable from tomato paste than from fresh tomatoes.Am. J. Clin. Nutr,66,116-122.
23. Halliwell B.(1996).Oxidative stress, nutrition and healthexperimental strategies for optimization of nutritional antioxidant intake in humans.Free Radical Res,25,57-74.
24. Halliwell B.,Cross. C. E.(1991).Reactive oxygen species, antioxidants and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.Arch. Int. Med,157,29-32.
25. Halliwell B.,Gutteridge J. M. C.,Cross C. E.(1992).Free radicals, antioxidants and human diseasewhere are we now?.J. Lab. Clin. Med,119,598-620.
26. Hasnis E.,Reznick A. Z.(2003).Antioxidants and healthy aging.Isr. Med. Assoc, J,5,368-370.
27. Heck D. E.,Kagan V. E.,Shvedova A. A.,Laskin J. D.(2005).An epigrammatic(abridged) recounting of the myriad tales of astonishing deeds and dire consequences pertaining to nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species in mitochondria with an ancillary missive concerning the origins of apoptosis.Toxicology,208,259-271.
28. Jian L.,Xie L. P.,Lee A. H.,Binns C. W.(2004).Protective effect of green tea against prostate cancer: a case-control study in southeast China.Int. J. Cancer,108,130-135.
29. Ju J.,Hong J.,Zhou J. N.,Pan Z.,Bose M.,Liao J.,Yang G. Y.,LiuY. Y.,Hou Z.,Lin Y.,Ma J.,Shih W. J.,Carothers A. M.,Yang C. S.(2005).Inhibition of intestinal tumorigenesis in Apcmin/+mice by(-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, the major catechin in green tea.Cancer Res,65,10623-10631.
30. Karbownik M.,Lewinski A.(2003).The role of oxidative stress in physiological and pathological processes in the thyroid gland: possible involvement in pineal-thyroid interactions.Neuro Endocrinol Lett,24,293-303.
31. Kehrer J. P.(1993).Free radicals as mediators of tissue injury and disease.Crit. Rev. Toxicol,23,21-48.
32. Keijer J.,Bunschoten A.,Palou A.,Franssen-van Hal N. L.(2005).Beta-carotene and the application of transcriptomics in risk-benefit evaluation of natural dietary components.Biochim. Biophys. Acta,1740,139-146.
33. Kim Y. J.,Park H. J.,Yoon S. H.,Kim M. J.,Leem K. H.,Chung J. H.,Kim H. K.(2005).Anticancer effects of oligomeric proanthocyanidins on human colorectal cancer cell line.SNU-C4. World J. Gastroenterol,11,4674-4678.
34. Koo M. W,Cho C. H.(2004).Pharmacological effects of green tea on the gastrointestinal system.Eur. J. Phamacol,500,177-185.
35. Krinsky N. I.(1993).Actions of carotenoids in biological systems.Annu. Rev. Nutr,13,561-587.
36. Krstevska M.,Dzhekova-Stojkova S.,Bosilkova G.(2001).Menopause, coronary artery disease and antioxidants.Clin. Chem. Lab. Med,39,641-644.
37. Lee M. M.,Gomez S. L.,Chang J. S.,Wey M.,Wang R. T.,Hsing A. W.(2003).Soy and isoflavone consumption in relation to prostaye cancer risk in China.Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.,12,665-668.
38. Lenaz G.,Bovina C.,DAurelio M.,Fato R.,Formiggini G,Genova M. L.,Giuliano G.,Pith M. M.,Paolucci U.,Castelli G. P.,Ventura B.(2002).Role of mitochondria in oxidative stress and aging.Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci,959,199-213.
39. Mayne S. T.(1996).Beta-carotene, carotenoids, and disease prevention in humans.FASEB J.,10,690-701.
40. Mukhtar H.,Abmad N.(1999).Green tea chemoprevention of cancer.Toxicol. Sci,52,111-117.
41. Murakoshi M.,Nishino H.,Satomi Y.,Takayasu J.,Hasegawa T.,Tokuda H.,Iwashima A.,Okuzumi J.,Okabe H.,Kitano H.(1992).Potent prventive action of alpha-carotene against carcinogenesis: spontaneous liver carcinogenesis and promoting stage of lung and skin carcinogensis in mice are suppressed more effectively by alpha-carotene than by beta-carotene.Cancer Res,52,6583-6587.
42. Narisawa T.,Fukaura Y.,Hasebe M.,Ito M.,Aizawa R.,Murakoshi M.,Uemura S.,Khachik F.,Nishino H.(1996).Inhibitory effects of natural carotenoids, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lycopene and lutein, on colonic aberrant crypt foci formation in rats.Cancer Lett,107,137-142.
43. Nguyen M. L.,Schwartz S. J.(1999).Lycopene: chemical and biological properties.Food Tech,53,38-45.
44. Nishino H.,Murakosh M.,Ii T.,Takemura M.,Kuchide M.,Kanazawa M.,Mou X. Y.,Wada S.,Masuda M.,Ohsaka Y.,Yogosawa S.,Satomi Y.,Jinno K.(2002).Carotenoids in cancer chemoprevention.Cancer Metastasis Rev,21,257-264.
45. Palozza P.(1998).Prooxidant actions of carotenoids in biologic systems.Nutr. Rev,56,257-265.
46. Palozza P.,Krinsky N. I.(1992).Antioxidant effects of carotenoids in vivo and in vitro: an overview.Methods In Enzymology,213,403-420.
47. Paolini M.,Cantelli-Forti G.,Perocco P.,Pedulli G. F.,Abdel-Rahman S. Z.,Legator M. S.(1999).Co-carcinogenic effect of beta-carotene.Nature,398,760-761.
48. Park O. J.,Surh Y. J.(2004).Chemopreventive potential of epigallocatechin gallate and genistein: evidence from epidemiological and laboratory studies.Toxicol Lett,150,43-56.
49. Perocco P.,Paolini M.,Mazzullo M.,Biagi G. L.,Cantelli-Forti G.(1999).β-Carotene as enhancer of cell transforming activity of powerful carcinogens and cigarette-smoke condensate on BALB/c 3T3 cells in vitro.Mutat. Res,440,83-90.
50. Pincemail J.,Free radicals and antioxidants in human disease,Favier A. E.,Cadet J.,Kalyanaraman B.,Fontecave M.,Pierre J.-L.(eds)(1995).Analysis of free radicals in biological systems.Basel, Switzerland:Birkhauser Verlag.
51. Pitot H. C.,Dragan Y. P.(1991).Facts and theories concerning the mechanisms of carcinogenesis.FASEB J,5,2280-2286.
52. Rao A. V.,Agarwal S.(2000).Role of antioxidant lycopene in cancer and heart disease.J. Am. Coll. Nutr,19,563-569.
53. Rao A. V.,Agarwal S.(1999).Role of lycopene as antioxidant carotenoid in the prevention of chronic diseases: a review.Nutr. Res,19,305-323.
54. Ray A.(2005).Cancer preventive role of selected dietary factors.Indian J. Cancer,42,15-24.
55. Saleem M.,Adhami V. M.,Siddiqui L. A.,Mukhtar H.(2003).Tea beverage in chemoprevention of prostate cancer: a mini-review.Nutr. Cancer,47,13-23.
56. Sarkar F. H.,Li Y.(2004).Cell signaling pathways altered natural chemopreventive agents.Mutat. Res,555,53-64.
57. Shama.S. D,Katiyar S. K.(2005).Dietary grape-seed proanthocyanidin inhibition of ultraviolet B-induced immune suppression is associated with inhibition of ultraviolet B-induced immune suppression is associated with induction of IL-12.Carcinogenesis.
58. Sies H.,Stahl W.(1995).Vitamins E and C, beta-carotene, and other carotenoids as antioxidants.Am. J. Clin. Nutr,62,1315-1321.
59. Smith-Warner S. A.,Spiegelman D.,Yaun S. S.,Albanes D.,Beeson W. L.,van den Brandt P. A.,Feskanich D.,Folsom A. R. Fraser G. E.,Freudenheim J. L.,Giovannucci E.,Goldbohm R. A.,Graham S.,Kushi L. H.,Miller A. B.,Pietinen P.,Rohan T. E.,Speizer F. E.,Willett W. C.,Hunter D. J.(2003).Fruits, vegetables and lung cancer: a pooled analysis of cohort studies.Int. J. Cancer,107,1001-1011.
60. Stahl W.,Sies H.(1992).Uptake of lycopene and its geometrical isomers is greater from heat-processed than from unprocessed tomato juice in humans.J. Nutr,122,2161-2166.
61. Storz P.(2005).Reactive oxygen species in tumor progression.Front Biosci,10,1881-1896.
62. Visioli F.,Grande S.,Bogani P.,Galli G.(2004).The role of antioxidants in the mediterranean diets: focus on cancer.Eur. J. Cancer Prey,13,337-343.
63. World Cnacer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research(1997).Food, nutrition and prevention of cancer: a global perspective.
64. Zechmeister L.,LeRosen A. L.,Went F. W.,Pauling L.(1941).Prolycopene, a naturally occurring stereoisomer of lycopene.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.,21,468-474.
65. Ziegler R. G.,Mayne S. T.,Swanson C. A.(1996).Nutrition and lung cancer.Cancer Causes Control,7,157-177.
66. 呂光倉、林青玫(2004)。低聚花色素原於抗氧化上的應用。美容科技學刊，2，5-14。
67. 陳炳輝(2000)。類胡蘿葡素的特性與應用。科學發展月刊，28，599-604。