概談西洋文學理論之分類

On the Classification of Western Literary Theories

10.30092/JHCLANCHU.200703.0015

董崇選(Chung-Hsuan Tung)

理論 ； 文學批評 ； 文學理論 ； 西洋 ； 文藝要件 ； 分類 ； theory ； literary criticism ； literary theory ； Western ； factors of art ； classification

興大人文學報

38期（2007 / 03 / 01）

415 - 431

繁體中文

「理論」是針對問題所提出的解釋或看法，是一種推想，一種假定或假說。「理論」以「實際」為相對語，在本質上也相對於「直覺」，理論化就是擺脫直覺而通則化，所以有脫離實際的危險。文學理論可泛指一切針對各種文學問題所提出的想法或說辭，但通常它只限於研究文學的原理原則，包括文學的範疇、門類與標準之類的論述，不包括針對具體的個別作家、作品所做的「批評」以及所撰寫的「文學史」。文學理論可以依時代、評家、主題、批評手法、所導向的文藝要件、以及其他各種主觀的準則來加以分類。但以「導向文藝要件」的分類法最有系統性，也最客觀。西洋文學理論的分類方法雖然沒有一定的準則，卻也可以按層次由大類（根據文藝的要件劃定理論的導向），經小類（劃定探討的內容、主題、旨趣），再分析出細類（各家針對某特殊問題之看法）。然而在問題與理論多到無法計數之情況下，原則上，我們只能把實際產生出來而比較熱門的話題與看法加以剝析分類而已。

This essay discusses such topics: What is theory? What is literary theory? How can we classify literary theories? And what is the best way to classify Western literary theories. The conclusion is: Western literary theories can be most scientifically classified into six categories first, on the criterion of critical orientations towards the factors of communication. They then can be further classified into sub-categories based on the topics or interests or subjects of study. And each critic’s view about a particular literary problem can be a class in the final analysis.

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