從「萬能鑰匙」到「永久居住」－田園城市早期的圖像和形象（1898－1909）

From ＂Master Key＂ to ＂Permanent Dwellings＂: Early Images of the Garden City (1898-1909)

張琳(Lin Chang)

田園城市 ； 列奇沃斯 ； 霍華德 ； 克蘭 ； 便宜小屋大展 ； Garden City ； Letchworth ； Ebenezer Howard ； Walter Crane ； the Cheap Cottages Exhibition

興大人文學報

64期（2020 / 03 / 01）

27 - 65

繁體中文

英國在十九世紀中期以後，高度工業化造成城市人口聚集、且居住環境污染擁擠。有鑑於此，思想家霍華德於1898年提出「城鄉合一」的思想，1902年進一步發展成「田園城市」的概念，之後在1903年於倫敦以北動土興建，成為人類歷史上第一座田園城市：列奇沃斯田園城市。然而，藝術史學界尚未完整考察該城逐年產出的圖像、以及這些圖像所形塑的城市形象。本研究著墨於此，先討論構想中的田園城市（斷代為1898－1903年），其形象如何誕生（以霍華德本人所繪的〈萬能鑰匙〉圖為開端）。而後，初步興建的田園城市，有了更多的視覺再現，尤其是當地舉辦的「便宜小屋大展」之相關出版品，更塑造了此處環境優良、與大自然為鄰的形象。本文第二部分（斷代為1904－1909年）即討論田園城市宜居形象的誕生（採前述大展主軸－「永久居住」為依據）。本研究時期雖僅十年多，但此期間的圖像，本文將進行仔細的圖像分析，並主張他們奠定了日後，甚至今天田園城市予人的形象。

From mid-nineteenth century onwords, as increasing industrialization caused British population to concentrate in cities, living conditions became densely overcrowded and heavily polluted. As a solution to this problem, Sir Ebenezer Howard (1850-1928) proposed a ＂Town-Country＂ unit, in 1898 developed the concept of the Garden City in 1902 and found a site north of London in 1903 to build the world's first Garden City: Letchworth Garden City. However, Art-history scholarship has not undertaken a thorough study of how relevant visual representations of the city were produced over the years and how such materials shaped the image of the city. This paper will thus attempt to address this neglected area. It will first explore the images of the Garden City when Howard was developing his idea (1898-1903),taking his own drawing of a ＂Master Key＂ as the point of departure. It will then investigate the visual representations of the city after Letchworth was built (1904-1909), especially those made along with the Cheap Cottages Exhibitions, forging a natural, healthy and comfortable impression of the city. For this later period, I adopt the idea of ＂Permanent Dwellings＂ from the exhibitions to construct my argument. Although this study focuses on a relatively short period of around 11 years, it will provide a detailed visual analysis, suggesting that these pictorial representations have paved the way for the subsequent image of the Garden City, an image which has persisted to the present day.

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