深思個人中心學派之人性觀與治療者態度兼論其與禪宗、老莊義理之映照

Human Nature and Therapist Attitudes: Philosophical Reflections of Person-Centered Approach, Zen Buddhism and Taoism

10.7082/CARGC.200503.0213

王純娟(Chun-Chuan Wang)

治療者態度 ； 個人中心學派 ； 佛教禪宗 ； 道家 ； 實現傾向 ； actualizing tendency ； preson-centered approach ； Taoism ； therapist attitudes ； Zen Buddhism

中華輔導學報

17期（2005 / 03 / 01）

213 - 243

繁體中文

個人中心學派的創始者C. R. Rogers (1902-1987)在1950年代發展其理論，約於同時，他也知覺到自己身為研究者與治療者的兩難 (O'Hara, 1995)，亦是自己的客觀性與主觀性的掙扎。逐漸地，Rogers放棄了實證主義架構，改採個體經驗的報告，而且其於晚年時的遣辭用句更加地具靈性與直覺(Raskin&Rogers,1995)，故而本文以個人中心學派－以其人性觀與治療者三態度（一致、與條件正向關懷、同理）為主軸，深入探索這些觀念之轉變。同時，本文亦論述個人中心學派與中國文化中之道家與佛教禪宗義理可相互印證之處。 經過深入探討個人中心學派之文獻，它所主張的實現傾向是就本質而論的，且具普遍性，另外，實現傾向可能受阻，卻不會消失。就治療者態度而言，Rogers所闡述的「一致」多了一個「透明」的特徵，他發現一致的態度可獲致與案主在「內在不知名的角落」接觸的境界。「與條件正向關懷」與個體平時不斷的自我檢視有關，而對「同理」，Rogers發展出「超越實體的經驗」的概念，治療者得以全然進入案主的經驗。 個人中心學派的人性觀與治療者三態度確實與道家、佛教禪宗義理有共同點。實現傾向與禪宗的本心、自性、佛性或可相提並論；一致與禪宗的「明心見性」、與條件正向關懷與禪宗的向內觀照、不思善惡、頓悟，和道家的心齋、坐忘的概念相仿，最後，同理就像道家所言之融於客體、通人我、忘坐等概念。個人中心學派與道家、佛教禪宗義理的映照實為初探，需要更多後續研究的探討。

Since the inception of the person-centered approach (PCA) in 1940, Carl R. Rogers (1902-1987) gradually formulated the PCA model of personality, therapeutic, and interpersonal theories in the 1950s. Approximately in the same period, he experienced the dilemma of objectivity of being a scientist against subjectivity of being a therapist (O'Hara, 1995). Through the years, Rogers drove himself away from positivist science and valued personal experiences to validate the PCA theories. His words, besides, became more intuitive and spiritual (Raskin & Rogers, 1995). It is this transformation that this paper sets its foundation on to explore the meaning of human nature and the three therapist attitudes in the PCA. Reflection of the above concepts in the PCA and Taoism as well as Zen Buddhism is also purported to achieve. Regarding the PC A's assumption of human nature, the actualizing tendency is characterized from the essence of human nature. The actualizing tendency universally subsides in all organisms; it might be hindered under unfavorable contexts but it never disappears. With the contemplation of the three therapist attitudes, genuineness adds transparency as another characteristic for a therapist to be genuine. Rogers also found that genuineness could reach the encounter of ”the unknown in (an organism)” of a therapist and a client that leads to understanding (Rogers, 1978, 1979/1980). Unconditional positive regard, as well as the whole being of it, has to do with examining oneself. Rogers developed ”a transcending experience of unity” for a therapist to experience empathic to his/her client (Rogers, 1978, 1979/1980). It is possible that a therapist enters the subjective experiential world of a client completely. This paper supports the report that there exist philosophical commonalities of the PCA, Taoism and Zen Buddhism. The actualizing tendency, in the PCA, arises similar Buddhist concepts such as self-nature and Buddha nature. Genuineness mirrors the belief of Zen Buddhism that an individual could see into his or her own true nature. Unconditional positive regard, likewise, reflects Zen Buddhist concepts of turning inwardly to one's self-nature, value-free, and sudden enlightenment. Also it has commonality with Taoist concepts of ”the feasting of one's mind” and ”sitting and forgetting.” Lastly, empathy reflects Taoist belief that a person and his/her counterpart might become one in terms of mind. After preliminary exploration of reflection of the PCA and Taoism and Zen Buddhism in this paper, more studies are needed for this topic.

1. Ariow, J. A.(1995).Current Psychotherapies.Itasca, IL:F. E. Peacock Inc.
2. Bohart, A. C.(1995).If we dance, who leads?.Person-Centered Journal,2(1),35-37.
3. Bozarth, J. D.(1996).A theoretical reconsideration of the necessary and sufficient conditions for therapeutic personality change.Person-Centered Journal,3(1),44-51.
4. Bozarth, J. D.(1998).Person-Centered Therapy: A Revolutionary Paradigm.UK:PCCS Books.
5. Bozarth, J. D.(1984).Client-Centered Therapy and the Person-Centered Approach: New Directions in Theory, Research and Practice.NY:Praeger Publishers.
6. Bozarth, J. D.(2001).Rogers' Therapeutic Conditions: Evolution, Theory and Practice.Herefordshire, UK:PCCS Books.
7. Brodley, B. T.(1999).Person-Centered Journal.
8. Douglas, C.(1995).Current Psychotherapies.Itasca, IL:F. E. Peacock Inc.
9. Freire, E.,Tambara, N.(2000).Client-centered therapy: The challenges of clinical practice.Person-Centered Journal,7(2),129-138.
10. Harman, J. I.(1997).Rogers' late conceptualization of the fully functioning individual:Correspondences and contrasts with Buddhist psychology.Person-Centered Journal,4(2),23-31.
11. Kuno, T.(2001).Rogers' Therapeutic Conditions: Evolution, Theory and Practice.Herefordshire, UK:PCCS Books.
12. Meyers, S.(1999).Empathy: Is that what I hear you saying?.Person-Centered Journal,6(2),141-152.
13. Miller, M. J.(1996).Some comparisons between Taoism and Person-Centered Therapy.Person-Centered Journal,3(1),12-14.
14. Miller, M. J.(1999).Fostering client insight.Person-Centered Journal,6(1),46-47.
15. Moustakas, C.(1990).Heuristic Research: Design, Methodology, and Applications.Newbury Park, CA:SAGE.
16. O''Hara, M.(1995).Journal of Humanistic Psychology.
17. Patterson, C. H.(1985).The Therapeutic Relationship.CA:Brooks/Cole.
18. Pedersen. P. B.(1987).Ten frequent assumptions of cultural bias in counseling.Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development,15(1),16-24.
19. Pedersen. P. B.(1991).Multiculturalism as a generic approach to counseling.Journal of Counseling and Development,70,6-12.
20. Raskin, N. J.(1990).50th anniversary of the Person-Centered Approach.Person-Centered Review,5(1),8-12.
21. Raskin, N. J.,Rogers, C. R.(1995).Current Psychotherapies.Itasca, IL:F. E. Peacock Inc.
22. Rogers, C. R.(1973).My philosophy of interpersonal relationships and how it grew.Boston, MA:Houghton Mifflin Co.
23. Rogers, C. R.(1969).Freedom to Learn.Columbus, Ohio:Charles E. Merrill.
24. Rogers, C. R.(1951).Client-Centered Therapy. Boston.Boston, MA:Houghton Mifflin Co.
25. Rogers, C. R.(1961).On Becoming a Person. Boston.Boston, MA:Houghton Mifflin Co.
26. Rogers, C. R.(1987).The underlying theory: Drawn from experience with individuals and groups.Counseling and Values,32(1),38-46.
27. Rogers, C. R.(1978).A Way of Being.Boston, MA:Houghton Mifflin Co.
28. Rogers, C. R.(1959).Psychology:A Study of A Science, Vol 3, Formulations of the Person and the Social Context.NY:McGraw-Hill.
29. Rogers, C. R.(1963).Nebraska Symposium on Motivation.Lincoln, NB:University of Nebraska Press.
30. Rogers, C. R.(1975).A Way of Being.Boston, MA:Houghton Mifflin Co.
31. Rogers, C. R.(1972).Becoming Partners: Marriage and Its Alternatives.NY:Dell Publishing Co.
32. Rogers, C. R.(1977).Carl Rogers on Personal Power.New York:Delacorte Press.
33. Rogers, C. R.(1986).Reflection of feelings.Person-Centered Review,1(4),375-377.
34. Rogers, C. R.(1957).The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change.Journal of Consulting Psychology,21(2),95-103.
35. Sharf, R. S.(1996).Theories of Psychotherapy and Counseling: Concepts and Cases.Belmont, CA:Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.
36. Singh, J.,Tudor, K.(1997).Cultural conditions of therapy.Person-Centered Journal,4(2),32-46.
37. Stevenson, L.(1987).Seven Theories of Human Nature.NY:Oxford University Press.
38. Tyier, K.(1999).Examining unconditional positive regard as the primary condition of therapeutic personality change.Person-Centered Journal,6(2),100-107.
39. Usher, H. C.(1989).Recognizing cultural bias in counseling theory and practice: The case of Rogers.Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development,17,62-71.
40. Wilkins, P.(2001).Rogers' Therapeutic Conditions: Evolution, Theory and Practice.Herefordshire, UK:PCCS Books.
41. 朱榮智(1992)。老子探微。台北:師大書苑。
42. 牟宗三(2002)。中國哲學十九講。台北:台灣學生書局。
43. 余培林(1981)。生命的大智慧-老子。台北:時報文化。
44. 吳經熊(1999)。禪學的黃金時代。台北:台灣商務印書館。
45. 李安德(1994)。超個人心理學:心理學的新典範。台北:桂冠圖書。
46. 林繼平(1990)。文史哲論集。台北:台灣書店。
47. 韋政通(1994)。中國思想史 (上冊)。台北:水牛圖書。
48. 高柏園(2001)。禪學與中國佛學。台北:里仁書局。
49. 張起鈞、吳怡(1989)。中國哲學史話。台北:東大圖書。
50. 張國一(2004)。唐代禪宗心性思想。台北:法鼓文化。
51. 陳榮波(1984)。裨海之筏。台北:志文出版社。
52. 傅佩榮(2003)。解讀老子。台北縣:立緒出版社。
53. 勞思光(2002)。新編中國哲學史 (一)。台北:三民書局。
54. 曾炆煋(1996)。華人的心理與治療。台北:桂冠圖書。
55. 黃光國(2001)。社會科學的理路。台北:心理出版社。
56. 楊汝舟(2000)。莊子南華經。台北:老莊學術基金會。
57. 楊惠南(1981)。佛學的革命-六祖壇經。台北:時報文化。
58. 聖嚴法師(1996)。聖嚴說禪。台北:法鼓文化。
59. 劉光義(1996)。莊學中的禪趣。台北:台灣商務印書館。
60. 蕭春溥(1976)。六祖壇經研究論集。台北:大乘文化。
61. 錢穆(2001)。中國思想史。台北:蘭臺出版社。
62. 羅龍治(1981)。哲學的天籟-莊子。台北:時報文化。
63. 釋聖嚴(1992)。禪的體驗。台北:東初出版社。

1. Wang, Chun-Chuan(2012).A Phenomenological Approach to Taiwanese Mothers' Recollections of the Sudden Deaths of Their Children in Taiwan.教育心理學報,43(4),921-942.
2. 洪菁惠(2010)。從《老子》人性論初探道家的諮商理念。本土心理學研究，33，181-227。
3. 許哲修(2022)。無為而無不為：從老子的無為思想看心理療癒者的態度體現。諮商與輔導，439，2-5。
4. 黃登威(2018)。個人中心治療的概念與應用。諮商與輔導，393，25-27+47。
5. (2014)。保護性社工職場「心」安全－運用個人中心治療取向於保護性社工實務場域之探討。社區發展季刊，147，192-202。