從「權威觀注」到「自我觀注」：從多元文化諮商觀點看台灣遊戲治療師教養概念的轉化

From "Authoritarian-Regard" to "Self-Regard": Exploring Taiwanese Play Therapists' Transitions of Parenting Conceptions from Multicultural Perspectives

邱獻輝(Hsien-Huei Chiou)；陳秉華(Ping-Hwa Chen)；利美萱(Meei-Shiuan Lih)

多元文化諮商 ； 教養概念 ； 紮根理論 ； 遊戲治療師 ； 權威關注 ； authoritarian-regard ； grounded theory ； multicultural counseling ； parenting conception ； play therapist

中華輔導與諮商學報

36期（2013 / 08 / 01）

117 - 153

繁體中文

遊戲治療師從事兒童諮商工作，常需與家長探討教養概念，故需釐清自己的教養概念。台灣深受傳統華人權威教養影響，因此台灣遊戲治療師可能具有權威教養成長經驗；相對的，現代教養概念富含西方個人主義特質，與華人權威教養有諸多對立之處，遊戲治療師如何在生命經驗與專業之間取捨？目前殊少文獻深究，為釐清此議題，本研究從多元文化諮商觀點切入，遵循建構主義典範，邀請九位遊戲治療師接受半結構的深度訪談，以紮根理論進行資料蒐集與分析。本研究發現受訪者大抵經歷過不同程度的「權威關注」教養經驗，但是卻都一致地反抗權威教養；這其中顯露出一個轉換的建構過程，亦即受訪者隨著年歲增長，在主動尋求或因緣際會裡，從祖輩、伴侶、師長、手足、專業同儕、治療等關係中，獲得有別於權威／順從互動的「自我關注」之修正性經驗，使其自主性提升，並且試圖將這種新的人際互動狀態帶回自己的親子互動中；惟，每位受訪者的內外在資源有別，所以修正親子權威／順從互動的程度也就不一致；但只要有所修正，就會再強化對權威教養的反抗，形成一個循環；本研究並據此結果提出討論。

Authoritarian/compliance is an important ingredient of traditional Chinese parenting, so Taiwanese play therapists might own lots of experiences of ”authoritarian-regard”. However, the rationale of play therapy focused on ”self-regard” characters. So, how Taiwanese play therapists identify a set of parenting conceptions is the focus of this study. From the cultural perspective, the present research, following the constructivism paradigm, collected and analyzed data based on grounded theory. Nine Taiwanese play therapists were recruited to be interviewees for semi-structured interviews. The results showed a transition for the interviewees that although the interviewees all experienced different levels of ”authoritarian regard” parenting when they were young, they all consistently opposed to authoritarian parenting. This transition happened when interviewees gradually grew up and got the ”corrected experiences” purposely or by chance from the interactions of grandparents, couples, teachers, siblings, professional peers, or therapists. These corrected experiences were different from ”authoritarian-regard” and increased their autonomy. Interviewees all tried to incorporate this new experience in the interactions with their own parents and children. Not every interviewee successfully modified their own authoritarian interactions because different interviewees owned different internal and external resources. Basically, if interviewees can change their parent-child interactions, then this transition would likely reinforce the disagreement with authoritarian parenting. Suggestions based on the finding of this study were highlighted that it is better for Taiwanese play therapists to culturally coordinate their life experiences and therapeutic rationales concerned to practice.

1. 林淑君、陳秉華(2002)。心理治療者的反移情研究。教育心理學報，34(1)，103-122。
   連結：
2. 邱獻輝、林家興(2006)。慢性運動性抽動症心理治療個案報告：結合遊戲治療與心理諮詢。中華心理衛生學刊，19(4)，309-327。
   連結：
3. 洪莉竹、陳秉華(2003)。諮商員專業發展歷程之文化反省經驗。教育心理學報，35(1)，1-18。
   連結：
4. 高淑貞、蔡群瑞(2009)。遊戲治療師實務困境與因應之探究分析。中華輔導學報，26，1-45。
   連結：
5. 楊國樞(2004)。華人自我的理論分析與實徵研究：社會取向與個人取向的觀點。本土心理學研究，22，11-80。
   連結：
6. 葉光輝(2009)。華人孝道雙元模型研究的回顧與前瞻。本土心理學研究，32，101-148。
   連結：
7. 葉光輝(2009)。華人孝道雙元模型研究的回顧與前瞻。本土心理學研究，32，101-148。
   連結：
8. 台灣遊戲治療學會（2012）。遊戲治療是什麼？ 2012 年1 月6 日，取自http://www.atpt.org.tw/011.htm
9. 東方孝義（1942）。台灣習俗。台北：同人研究會
10. Alexander, F.(1956).Psychoanalysis and psychotherapy.New York, NY:Norton.
11. Annells, M.(1996).Grounded theory method: Philosophical perspectives, paradigm of inquiry, and postmodernism.Qualitative Health Research,6(3),379-393.
12. Baumrind, D.(1996).The discipline controversy revisited.Family relations,45,405-414.
13. Beck, A. T.(1987).Cognitive therapy.The evolution of psychotherapy,New York, NY:
14. Bernal, M. E.,Castro, F. G.(1982).Are clinical psychologist prepared for service and research with ethnic minorities?.American Psychologist,37,797-805.
15. Bond, M. H.(Ed.)(1986).The psychology of the Chinese people.Hong Kong:Oxford University.
16. Bond, M. H.(Ed.)(1996).The Handbook of Chinese Psychology.Hong Kong:Oxford University Press.
17. Bornstein, M. H.(Ed.)(2002).Handbook of parenting: V2, Biology and ecology of parenting.Mahwah, NJ:Eribaum.
18. Bratton, S. C.,Ray, D.,Rhine, T.,Jones, L.(2005).The efficacy of play therapy with children: A meta-analytic review of treatment outcomes.Profession Psychology: Research and Practice,36(4),376-390.
19. Brems, C.(2002).A comprehensive guide to child psychotherapy.Boston, MA:Allyn & Bacon.
20. Chao, R. K.(1994).Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: Understanding Chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training.Child Development,65,1111-1119.
21. Chen, F. M.,Luster, T.(2002).Factors related to parenting practices in Taiwan.Early Child Development and Care,172,413-430.
22. Chen, P. H.(2009).A counseling model for self-relation coordination for Chinese clients with interpersonal conflicts.The Counseling Psychologist,37(7),987-1009.
23. Chen, X.,Hastings, P. D.,Rubin, K. H.,Chen, H.,Cen, G.,Stewart, S. L.(1998).Child-rearing attitudes and behavioral inhibition in Chinese and Canadian toddlers: A cross-cultural study.Developmental Psychology,34(4),677-686.
24. Chiu, C.(2007).Managing cultures in a multicultural world: A social cognitive perspective.Journal of Psychology in Chinese Societies,8(2),101-120.
25. Coleman, V.,Parmer, T,Barker, S.(1993).Play therapy for multicultural population: Guidelines for mental health professionals.International Journal of Play Therapy,2(1),63-74.
26. Corbin, J.,Strauss, A.(2008).Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory.Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
27. Corey, G.(2012).Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy.Belmont, CA:Brooks Cole.
28. Corey, G.,Corey, M. S.,Callana, P.(2011).Issues and ethics in the helping professions.Belmont, CA:Brooks Cole.
29. Day, Randal D.(Ed.),Gilbert, K. R.(Ed.),Settles, B. H.(Ed.),Burr, W. R.(Ed.)(1995).Research and Theory in Family Science.Pacific Grove, CA:Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
30. Denzin, N. K.(Ed.),Lincoln, Y. S.(Ed.)(1994).Handbook of qualitative research.Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
31. Denzin, N. K.(Ed.),Lincoln, Y. S.(Ed.)(2000).Handbook of qualitative research.Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
32. Denzin, N. K.(Ed.),Lincoln, Y.S.(Ed.)(2005).The sage handbook of qualitative research.Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
33. Denzin, N. K.,Lincoln, Y. S.(1998).The landscape of qualitative research: Theories and issues.London, England:Sage Publication.
34. Fassinger, R. E.(2005).Paradigms, praxis, problems, and promise: Grounded theory in counseling psychology research.Journal of Counseling Psychology,52,156-166.
35. Friedman, S. C.,GeIso, J. G.(1997).The development of the inventory of countertransference behavior.105 annual meeting of the American Psychological Association,Chicago, USA:
36. Gil, E.(Ed.),Drewes, A. A.(Ed.)(2005).Cultural issues in play therapy.New York, NY:Guilford Press.
37. Goldenberh, H.,Goldenberg, I.(2008).Family therapy: An overview.Belmont, CA:Thompson.
38. Guba, E. G.,Lincoln, Y. S.(1989).Forth generation evaluation.Newbury Park, CA:Sage.
39. Haworth, M. R.(Ed.)(1964).Child psychotherapy.Northvale, NJ:Jason Aronson.
40. Hong, Y.,Levy, S. R.,Chiu, C.(2001).The contribution of the lay theories approach to the study of groups.Personality and Social Psychology Review,5,97-105.
41. Hong, Y-Y.,Morris, M. W.,Chiu, C-Y.,Benet-Martinez, V.(2000).Multicultural minds: A dynamic constructivist approach to culture and cognition.American Psychologist,55,709-720.
42. Hulei, E.,Zevenbergen, A. A.,Jacobs, S. C.(2006).Discipline behaviors of Chinese American and European American mothers.The Journal of Psychology,140(5),459-475.
43. Kunda, Z.(1999).Social cognition: Making sense of people.Cambridge, MA:The MIT Press.
44. Landreth, G. L(2002).Play therapy: The art of the relationship.Muncie, IN:Accelerated Development.
45. Leblanc, M.,Ritchie, M.(1999).Predictors of play therapy outcomes.International Journal of Play Therapy,8(2),19-34.
46. Leblanc, M.,Ritchie, M.(2001).A meta-analysis of play therapy outcomes.Counseling Psychology Quarterly,14(2),149-163.
47. Lin, C. C.,Fu, V. R.(1990).A comparison of child-rearing practices among Chinese, immigrant Chinese, and Caucasian-American parents.Child Development,61,429-433.
48. Lincoln, Y. S.(1995).Emerging criteria for quality in qualitative and interpretive research.Qualitative Inquiry,1(3),275-289.
49. Lincoln, Y. S.,Guba, E. G.(1985).Naturalistic inquiry.Newbury Park, CA:Sage.
50. Liu, M.,Chen, X.,Rubin, K. H.,Zheng, S.,Cui, L.,Li, D.,Chen, H.,Wang, L.(2005).Autonomy-vs. connectedness-oriented parenting behaviours in Chinese and Canadian mothers.International Journal of Behavioral Development,29(6),489-495.
51. Lu, L.(2008).The individual-oriented and social-oriented Chinese bicultural self: Testing the theory.The Journal of Social Psychology,148(3),347-373.
52. Lu, L.,Gilmour, R.(2004).Culture, self and ways to achieve SAW: A cross-cultural analysis.Journal of Psychology in Chinese Societies,5,51-79.
53. Lu, L.,Yang, K. S.(2006).The emergence and composition of the traditional-modern bicultural self of people in contemporary Taiwanese societies.Asian Journal of Social Psychology,9,167-175.
54. Markus, H. R.,Kitayama, S.(1991).Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.Psychological Review,98(2),224-253.
55. Marsella, A. J.(Ed.),Devos, G.(Ed.),Hsu, F. L. K.(Ed.)(1985).Culture and Self: Asian and western perspectives.New York, NY:Tavistock.
56. Mead, D. E.(1976).Six approaches to child rearing.Prevo, UT:Brigan University.
57. Miller, P. J.,Wiley, A.,Fung, H.,Liang, C. H.(1997).Personal storytelling as a medium of socialization in Chinese and American families.Child Development,68(3),557-568.
58. Mussen, P. H.(Ed.)(1983).Handbook of child psychology.New York, NY:John Wiley and Sons.
59. O'Connor, K. J.(2000).The play therapy primer.New York, NY:John Wiley & Sons.
60. Pedersen, P. B.(2000).A handbook for developing multicultural awareness.Alexandria, VA:American counseling association.
61. Ponterotto, J. G.(2005).Qualitative research in counseling psychology: A primer on research paradigms and philosophy of science.Journal of Counseling Psychology,52,126-136.
62. Sampson, E. E.(1988).The debate on individualism: Indigenous psychologies of the individual and their role in personal and societal functioning.American Psychologist,43(1),15-22.
63. Sarri, J. L.(1990).Legacies of childhood.Cambridge, MA:Council on East-Asian Studies, Harvard University.
64. Shek, D. T. L.(2007).Perceived parental control based on indigenous Chinese parental control concepts in adolescents in Hong Kong.The American Journal of Family Therapy,35,123-137.
65. Stern, J.(2009).Parenting is a contact sport: 8 ways to stay connected to your kids for life.Austin, TX:Greenleave.
66. Stewart, S.M.,Rao, N.,Bond, M.H.,McBride-Chang, C.,Fielding, R.,Kennard, B.(1998).Chinese dimensions of parenting: Broadening western predictors and outcomes.International Journal of Psychology,33,345-358.
67. Strauss, A.,Corbin, J.(1990).Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques.Newbury Park, CA:Sage.
68. Strickland, B.(1969).The philosophy-theory-practice continuum: A point of view.Counselor Education and Supervision,VIII,165-175.
69. Sue, D. W.,Sue, D.(2008).Counseling the culturally different: Theory & practice.New York, NY:John Wiley & Sons.
70. Suh, E.,Diener, E.,Oishi, S.,Triands, H. C.(1998).The sifting basis of life satisfaction judgements across cultures: Emotions versus norms.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,74(1),482-493.
71. Teyber, E.(2000).Interpersonal process in psychotherapy: A relational approach.Belmont, CA:Brooks/Cole.
72. Thomas, R. M.(Ed.)(1988).Oriental theories of human development.New York, NY:Peter Lang.
73. Triands, H. C.(1995).Individualism and collectivism.Boulder, CO:Westview Press.
74. Wan, C.,Chiu, C. Y.,Peng, S.,Tam, K-P.(2007).Measuring cultures through intersubjective norms: Implications for predicting relative identification with two or more cultures.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,8,213-226.
75. White, T. M.,Gibbons, M. B. C.,Schamberger, M.(2006).Cultural sensitivity and supportive expressive psychotherapy: An integrative approach to treatment.American Journal of Psychotherapy,60(3),299-316.
76. Wyer, R. S., Jr.(Ed.),Chiu, C.(Ed.),Hong, Y.(Ed.)(2009).Understanding culture: theory, research and application.New York, NY:Psychology Press.
77. Yalom, I. D.,Leszcz, M.(2005).The theory and practice of group psychotherapy.New York, NY:Basic Books.
78. 中正大學教育研究所編(2000)。質的研究方法。高雄:麗文文化。
79. 王玉波(1988)。歷史上的家長制。新北:谷風。
80. 王鍾和(2003)。王鍾和與父母談心。台北:張老師。
81. 吳麗娟(2001)。個人諮商理論的建構與有效運用。測驗與輔導，167，3504-3510。
82. 林文瑛、王震武(1995)。中國父母的教養觀：嚴教觀或打罵觀？。本土心理學研究，3，2-92。
83. 林文寶(1998)。歷代啟蒙教材初探。台北:萬卷樓。
84. 林惠雅(1999)。母親信念、教養目標與教養行為（一）：內涵意義之探討。應用心理學，2，143-180。
85. 邱獻輝(2009)。博士論文(博士論文)。台北，國立台灣師範大學心輔所。
86. 高淑貞(1998)。親子遊戲治療。台北:桂冠。
87. 梁培勇(2006)。遊戲治療─理論與實務。台北:心理。
88. 莊耀嘉、楊國樞(2007)。角色規範與認知結構。本土心理學研究，27，282-338。
89. 連橫(1994)。台灣通史。台北:眾文。
90. 郭淑雅(2007)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。高雄，國立高雄師大教育學系。
91. 陳金田譯、片岡巖(1996)。台灣風俗誌。台北:眾文。
92. 曾璟婷(2005)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。彰化，國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商學系。
93. 黃仁宇(1993)。中國大歷史。臺北:聯經。
94. 黃梅芳(2008)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。台北，國立政治大學心理學系。
95. 黃嫣梨(2008)。女四書集注義證。香港:商務。
96. 楊明磊(2000)。從「身份」到「生命」─一個擁有「諮商師」身份的「人」之詮釋性研究。輔導季刊，36(1)，6-10。
97. 楊國樞(1981)。中國人的性格與行為：形成及蛻變。中華心理學刊，23(1)，39-55。
98. 楊國樞(2002)。傳統價值觀與現代價值觀能否同時並存？。華人心理的本土化研究，苗栗:
99. 劉焜輝(1996)。遊戲治療理論與實施。台北:天馬文化。

1. 蔡欣玹,刑志彬(2023)。遊戲治療中的家長諮詢。輔導季刊，59(3)，1-10。
2. 陳秉華、邱獻輝(2014)。建構主義典範在遊戲治療研究的實踐與省思：以多元文化諮商議題為例。台灣遊戲治療學報，4，21-46。
3. 程宇豐(2023)。兒童工作中的重要環節「家長諮詢」。諮商與輔導，453，27-29。
4. 李豫青(2018)。華人文化下的諮商員角色期待。諮商與輔導，395，5-8+59。
5. 葉光輝,陳思宇,危芷芬(2023)。華人親子觀與現代孝行關係：雙元孝道信念中介效果檢驗。中華心理學刊，65(1)，19-40。
6. (2023)。影響兒童社會能力因素之解釋力比較：SOCIAL模型取向。教育心理學報，55(2)，373-400。