心理位移：位格特性與療癒效應研究之回顧與展望

Review and Prospect of Psychological Displacement Writing Paradigm: Pronouns Characteristics and Its Beneficial Effects

10.3966/172851862018100053005

金樹人(Shuh-Ren Jin)

心理位移 ； 心理距離 ； 回顧與展望 ； Psychological displacement ； PDPD ； psychological distance ； review and prospect ； writing therapy

中華輔導與諮商學報

53期（2018 / 10 / 01）

117 - 149

繁體中文

從第一篇心理位移日記書寫法的研究報告問世（金樹人，2005），國內外已有數十篇的相關論文或文獻陸續發表。本文的主旨，在於從這些發表的研究中進行回顧性的整理與分析，聚焦於彙整心理位移的位格特性、影響效果與療癒效應，探究此法可能的限制，同時對於未來研究的方向提出建議。回顧分析結果發現，在位格特性方面，質性與量化的多元研究取向，豐厚了「我」「你」「他」以及「再回到我」等位格特性的深度與廣度。在影響效果部分，經由深度書寫後，臨在的狀態逐漸從外在歸因轉為關注於內在自我關係或人我關係，進而產生諸多情緒、認知與行為的改變。然而，這種書寫法也遭遇到一些負面效應或毫無效果的質疑與挑戰。在心理位移書寫為何會產生療癒效應的部分，本研究發現改變的效應緣於（1）不同位格的逐步推移與轉化；（2）你位格的客體轉化效應；（3）他位格的累積轉化效應；（4）「再回到我」的中庸全局思維；（5）心理距離改變促成的認知轉化；以及（6）多重視角重複書寫的全景效應等等面向。最後，本文針對心理位移研究的回顧與分析，提出未來在心理諮商實務應用，以及心理位移書寫法本身有待解決的主題與建議。

Since the first research on Psychological Displacement Paradigm in Diary-writing (PDPD) was published (Jin, 2005), there have been dozens of related papers or articles published at home and abroad. The PDPD requires participants to write about their daily events specifically with negative emotions using a fixed sequence of different personal pronouns (from I to you, then to he/she). To sort out, analyze and review these published studies, the main purpose of this paper was focus on reviewing the characteristics of pronouns and the healing effects of psychological displacements, explore the possible limitations of this method, and analyze the directions and topics for further research in the future. In terms of four kinds of pronoun characteristics, the qualitative and quantitative research orientation enriched the depth and expanded nature of the pronoun characteristics as follows. (1) When writing in the ＂I＂ pronoun, people usually felt intensive emotional reactions. The characteristics of an ＂I＂ perspective include magnifying thoughts and feelings in a narrow vision, and expressing self-disclosed information via discourse model. (2) When they recounted the same life events using ＂you＂ as the subject, the contents sounded as if they were described by significant others with both self-caring and self- criticism attitudes. The ＂you＂ pronoun might rebuke the ＂I＂ occasionally as an adult disciplines a child’s misconduct. The characteristics of a ＂you＂ perspective signaled more rational with self-empathy and self-concern accordingly, and the negative emotion gradually eases. In addition, the pronoun of ＂you＂ was mainly based on the discourse model of consolation. (3) Lastly, when the same events stated using ＂s/he＂ as pronoun, the writer executed to be the most rational and least emotional. In this position, people detached themselves even further from the facts in a greatest psychological distance, and they took the widest range of perspectives as well. They told the story as if they were impartial and detached bystanders. The mentality was calm and rational, as the pronoun of ＂s/he＂ was based on the discourse model of audit. (4) When the ＂I＂ finally returned to the ＂I＂ position again, after experiencing the psychological spatial displacement, the individual could clearly apprehend the problem in the incident and also had obvious relief in a calmed emotional feeling. The pronoun of ＂back to I＂ focused on the discourse model of policymaking and consolation. In the part of impact effects from PDPD, after rotated writing by the author, the state of highly presence gradually shifted attentions from external attribution to inner self-relationship, or interpersonal relationship, and then produced significant emotional, cognitive and behavioral changes. However, this writing paradigm also encountered some negative effects or questioning on no effective. As to the reason why psychological displacement writing caused healing effects, this study founded that the effect of change in PDPD, which was the unique aspect of PDPD than other psychological distance studies, were primarily due to (1) the gradual shift and transformation of different pronouns, (2) the self-object transformation effect of ＂you＂ pronouns, and (3) the cumulative conversion effect of ＂s/he＂ pronoun, (4) the ＂back to I＂ moderation of Zhong Yong global thinking, (5) the cognitive transformation caused by the change of psychological distance, and (6) the panoramic effect of repeated writing of multiple perspectives. Finally, based on the reviewing and analyzing on the previous research of PDPD, this thesis proposed several topics and suggestions for future applications on psychological practice and empirical research as well.

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