老化理論與老人保健（二）

Aging Theories and Elderly Care (Ⅱ)

10.30072/JDR.200404.0002

李宗派(Isaiah C. Lee)

老人歧視 ； 社會時鐘 ； 角色退出 ； 學習依賴 ； ageism ； learned dependency ； medieval allegories ； role exit ； social clock

身心障礙研究季刊

2卷2期（2004 / 04 / 01）

77 - 94

繁體中文

這一篇文章將繼續老化理論與老人保健（一）之生物學老化理論來討論社會學、心理學、社會心理學與人類學之老化學說，以及老化理論對老人保健之影響。主要之目的係為促進保健專業人員與行為科學家對於老化過程與老化問題之瞭解，藉以設計老年人口最佳之社會政策、保健計劃，以及收入安全方案。在行為科學與社會科學方面，老化理論來自許多不同之學術領域包括了社會學、心理學、社會心理學以及文化人類學等學科。他們都很努力地要建立一套正式之理論架構及理論模型。同時要尋找如何將所收集之研究資料加以系統化。社會學理論強調社會結構、社會角色與社會期望，還有社會功能對於老化過程之影響。心理學理論注意到個人之自我概念與認知功能來解釋老化過程。社會心理學理論則強調社會控制理論，「學習的依賴，與學習的無助」以及社會情緒之選擇概念來說明老化過程。人類學理論則使用老人之生命過程，他們之世代與年紀，以及親屬系統來解釋老化過程。本文結論強調對於老化理論與老化過程之真正瞭解，可貢獻於保健專業者與社會行為科學家，擬定設計有關老人保健、老人福利服務、老人教育、老人休閒，以及巨觀之社會經濟政策，不論是收入安全、健康安全，以及社會安全方案，俾使全體國民受益。

This paper presents the basic and most prevalent theories of aging from the perspectives of sociological, psychological, socio-psychological, and anthropological sciences. It will give an overview of the aging process of human beings discussed in the modem time. The purpose of this paper is to enhance the understanding of aging process and aging problems for those health care professionals and behavioral scientists who are interested in the arena of elderly care to design the optimal social policies, health care plan and income security programs for the large group of older population. In the behavioral and social sciences, theories of aging come from a variety of academic disciplines in sociology, psychology, socio-psychology and cultural-anthropology etc. They are all working on the formulation of formal theoretical frameworks and theoretical models that seek to systematize their empirical data. The sociological theories emphasize that social structures, social roles and social expectations as well as social functions have contributed to the change of aging process. The psychological theories focus upon the changes of self-concept and cognitive functions to explain aging process. The socio-psychological theories look upon the control theories, the ＜||＞learned dependency and learned helplessness＜||＞ and ＜||＞social-emotional selectivity＜||＞ concepts to explain aging process. The anthropological theories use the life course of older people, their generational and chronological age and kinship systems to explain aging process. The paper concludes that the real understanding of aging theories and aging process in human beings will eventually contribute to the health care professionals and social-behavioral scientists in their formulation of policy-making regarding elderly care, senior welfare services, senior education and leisure programs as well as macro socio-economic policy of designing income security, health security, and social security programs for all people in the nation.

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