Investigating the Phonetics of Mandarin Tone Sandhi

華語變調之聲學探究

10.6519/TJL.2003.1(1).2

麥傑(James Myers)；蔡素娟(Jane Tsay)

Taiwan Journal of Linguistics

1卷1期（2003 / 06 / 01）

29 - 68

英文

本文的目的在討論華語變調發聲的聲學證據。我們比較變調的兩個觀點：標準“範疇性的”觀點認為華語三聲變調類似英語冠詞a/an的分詞關係；“階層性的”觀點則認為華語三聲變調類似英語齒齦塞音變拍音的轉換。我們提出證據來支持兩個論點：首先，根據文獻上有關華語三聲變調的聲學研究，北京華語的三聲變調與“階層性的”觀點比較一致，而其他地方（包括台灣）的華語三聲變調與“範疇性的”觀點比較一致；其次，我們的三聲變調與「一」的特殊變調的聲學研究也支持台灣華語的三聲變調是“範疇性的”，雖然這些結果同時也顯示變調的聲學研究在實證與理論上容易犯的錯誤。

The goal of this paper is to discuss phonetic evidence relating to the production of tone sandhi in Mandarin. Two views of tone sandhi are contrasted: the standard ”categorical” view, whereby tone 3 sandhi is treated similarly to a/an allomorphy in English, and an alternative ”gradient” view, which treats tone 3 sandhi as similar to flapping in English. Evidence is presented for two main claims. First, based on a review of the phonetic literature, it appears that native speakers of Beijing Mandarin process tone sandhi more in line with the gradient view, while speakers of other varieties (including Taiwan Mandarin) process tone sandhi in accordance with the categorical view. Second, a new phonetic study of both tone 3 sandhi and the idiosyncratic tone sandhi found with the morpheme yi (”one”) provides further support for the claim of categoricality of tone 3 sandhi in Taiwan Mandarin, yet also illustrates the empirical and theoretical pitfalls of phonetic research on tone sandhi.

1. Borowsky, T.,Hargus and Kaisse (eds.)(1993).On the word level.
2. Brotzman, R. L.(1964).Progress Report on Mandarin Tone Study. Project on Linguistic Analysis.Ohio State University Research Foundation,8,1-35.
3. Chang, Y. C.,Su, Y. C.(1994).Tone modification of the third tone in Mandarin spoken in Taiwan.Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale,23,39-59.
4. Chao, Y. R.(1930).A system of tone letters.Le Maitre Phonetique,45,24-27.
5. Chao, Y. R.(1948).Mandarin Primer.Cambridge:Harvard University Press.
6. Charles-Luce, J.(1997).Cognitive factors involved in preserving a phonemic contrast.Language and Speech,40,229-248.
7. Cheng, C. C.(1968).English stresses and Chinese tones in Chinese sentences.Phonetica,18,77-88.
8. Chomsky, N.,Halle, M.(1968).The Sound Pattern of English.New York:Harper and Row.
9. Chomsky, N.,Halle, M.(1990).The Sound Pattern of English.Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.
10. Coster, D. C.,Kratochvil, P.(1984).Tone and stress discrimination in normal Beijing dialect speech.New Papers on Chinese Language Use.
11. Crystal, D.(1996).Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics.Oxford:Blackwell.
12. DeFrancis, J. (ed.)(1996).ABC Chinese-English Dictionary.Honolulu:University of Hawai`i Press.
13. Dow, Francis D. M.(1972).A discussion on tone sandhi problems in Chinese.Journal of the International Phonetic Association,2(1),13-19.
14. Duanmu, S.(2000).The Phonology of Standard Chinese.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
15. Fidelholz, J. L.(1975).Proceedings of CLS 11.University of Chicago.
16. Fon, J.(1997).National Taiwan University.
17. Fromkin, V. A.(1973).Speech Errors as Linguistic Evidence.The Hague:Mouton.
18. Gussenhoven, C.,Warner, N. (eds.)(2002).Laboratory Phonology 7.Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter.
19. Hargus, S.,Kaisse, E. M.(1993).Phonetics and Phonology Vol. 4: Studies in Lexical Phonology.Toronto:Academic Press.
20. Hayes, B.,Inkelas, S.,Zec, D. (eds.)(1990).The Phonology-Syntax Connection.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
21. Hockett, C. F.(1947).Peiping phonology.Journal of American Oriental Society,67,253-267.
22. Hooper, J. B.,William M. Christie(ed.)(1976).Word frequency in lexical diffusion and the source of morphophonological change.Current progress in historical linguistics: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Historical Linguistics,Amsterdam:
23. Hsiao, Y.(1991).Syntax, Rhythm and Tone: A Triangular Relationship.Taipei:Crane Publishing Co..
24. Hung, F. S.,Peters, A. M.(1997).The role of prosody in the acquisition of grammatical morphemes: evidence from two Chinese languages.Journal of Child Language,24,627-650.
25. Kaisse, E. M.(1985).Connected Speech: The interaction of Syntax and Phonology.Toronto:Academic Press.
26. Kenstowicz, M.,Kisseberth, C.(1979).Generative Phonology: Description and Theory.New York:Academic Press.
27. Kiparsky, P.,I. S. Yang (ed.)(1982).Linguistics in the Morning Calm.Seoul:Linguistic Society of Korea.
28. Kratochvil, P.(1984).Phonetic tone sandhi in Beijing dialect stage speech.Cahiers de Linguistique - Asie Orientale,13(2),135-174.
29. Kratochvil, P.,Chinese Language Society of Hong Kong (eds.)(1986).Wang Li Memorial Volumes (English Volume).Hong Kong:Joint Publishing Co..
30. Labov, W.(1994).Principles of linguistic change: internal factors.Oxford:Blackwell.
31. Levelt, W. J. M.(1992).Accessing words in speech production: stages, processes and representations.Cognition,42,1-22.
32. Lin M. C.,Lin J. Z.,Sun G. H.(1979).A study of tone sandhi in standard Chinese with computer.Proceedings of the 9th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences
33. Lyovin, A. V.(1978).Review of Rumjancev (1972).Journal of Chinese Linguistics,6(1),120-168.
34. M. Joos (ed.)(1964).Readings in Linguistics I.University of Chicago Press.
35. Manaster Ramer, A.(1996).A letter from an incompletely neutral phonologist.Journal of Phonetics,24,477-489.
36. Martin, S. E.(1957).Problems of hierarchy and indeterminacy in Mandarin phonology.Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology,29,209-230.
37. Mei, T. L.(1977).Tones and tone sandhi in 16th century Mandarin.Journal of Chinese Linguistics,5,237-260.
38. Myers, J.(1993).University of Arizona.
39. Myers, J.,Tsay, J.(2001).Testing a production model of Taiwanese tone sandhi.Proceedings of the Symposium on Selected National Science Council Projects in General Linguistics from 1998-2000,Taipei:
40. Myers, J.,Tsay, J.(2002).Submitted. Neutralization in Taiwanese tone sandhi.Submitted to Journal of Phonetics,August
41. Peng, S. H.,M. B. Broe,J. B. Pierrehumbert, (editors)(2000).Papers in laboratory phonology 5: acquisition and the lexicon.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
42. Rumjancev, M. K.(1972).Tone and intonation in modern Chinese.Moscow:Izdatel`stvo Moskovskogo (Gosudarstvennogo) Universitets.
43. Selkirk, E.,J. L. Morgan,K. Demuth, (editors)(1996).Signal to syntax: Bootstrapping from speech to grammar in early acquisition.Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
44. Shen, X. S.(1993).Relative duration as a perceptual cue to stress in Mandarin.Language and Speech,36,415-433.
45. Shen, X. S.(1990).Tonal coarticulation in Mandarin.Journal of Phonetics,18,281-295.
46. Shen, X. S.(1990).The Prosody of Mandarin Chinese.University of California Press.
47. Shen, Y.,Chao, C. Y.,Peterson, G.(1961).Some spectrographic light on Mandarin Tone-2 and Tone-3.Study of Sounds,9,265-314.
48. Shih, C.(1986).San Diego,University of California.
49. Tsay, J.(2002).Taiwanese tone sandhi and the allomorph selection hypothesis.Contemporary Linguistics,4(3),176-200.
50. Tsay, J.,Charles-Luce, J.,Guo Y. S.(1999).The syntax-phonology interface in Taiwanese: acoustic evidence.Proceedings of the International Congress of Phonetic Sciences,14,2407-2410.
51. Tsay, J.,Myers, J.(2001).Processes in the production of Taiwanese tone sandhi: an acoustic phonetic study.The Proceeding of the 5th National Conference on Modern Phonetics,Beijing:
52. Tsay, J.,Myers, J.(1996).Taiwanese tone sandhi as allomorph selection.Proceedings of Berkeley Linguistics Society,22,394-405.
53. Tseng, Chiu-yu(1990).An Acoustic Phonetic Study on Tones in Mandarin Chinese.Taipei:Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica.
54. Wan, I. P.,Jaeger, J.(1998).Speech errors and the representation of tone in Mandarin Chinese.Phonology,15,417-461.
55. Wang, W. S. Y.,Li, K. P.(1967).Tone 3 in Pekinese.Journal of Speech and Hearing Research,10,236-629.
56. Wang, W. S. Y,Li, K. P,Brotzman, R. L.(1963).Research on Mandarin phonology. Project on Linguistic Analysis.Ohio State University Research Foundation,6,1-63.
57. Warner, N.,Jongman, A.,Sereno, J.,Kemps, R..Sub-phonemic durational differences in production and perception.Journal of Phonetics.
58. Xu, Y.(1993).University of Connecticut.
59. Xu, Y.(1997).Contextual tonal variations in Mandarin.Journal of Phonetics,25,61-83.
60. Yip, M.(1980).MIT.
61. Zee, E.(1980).A spectrographic investigation of Mandarin tone sandhi.UCLA Working Papers,49,98-116.

1. 劉晉廷(2022)。Revisiting Phonetically Incomplete Tone Three Sandhi in Mandarin Chinese: Insights froma Revised Wug Test。臺中教育大學學報：人文藝術類，36(1)，1-24。