The Category of Gei in Mandarin Chinese and Grammaticalization

漢語“給”的語類及語法化

10.6519/TJL.2004.2(2).3

丁仁(Jen Ting)；張英朗(Miller Chang)

grammaticalization ； category of gei ； dative construction ； double object construction ； serial verb construction

Taiwan Journal of Linguistics

2卷2期（2004 / 12 / 01）

45 - 73

英文

本文探討兩個主要的議題。一是論證漢語的『給』字有許多不同語類，而在不同的句構中，『給』字呈現不同語類的特徵，因此將『給』字一概視為介詞或連動式第二動詞的分析無法解釋所有『給』字句的特徵。筆者認為在不同的句構中，『給』字應分析為動詞、介詞、或連詞(complementizer)。二是從形式語法的角度，討論『給』字的語法化現象。『給』字由最初的動詞，經歷語法化的過程，而逐漸發展出介詞和連詞的用法。

This article attempts to reach two purposes. The primary purpose is to show that gei must be analyzed as having different categories depending on the constructions in which it occurs. Therefore, neither the preposition account nor SVC account is entirely satisfactory. After the preposition and complementizer status of gei in certain constructions have been determined and recognized, the second purpose of this article is to suggest, in contrast to a typical formal approach, that a grammaticalization path may be involved to relate these different categories of gei. In this approach, the verbal category of gei is the genesis, later a preposition status is developed, and finally a complementizer status arises.

1. Aoun, Joseph,Y.-H. Audrey Li.(1989).Constituency and Scope.Linguistic Inquiry,20,141-172.
2. Baker, Mark C.(1988).Incorporation: a Theory of Grammatical Function Changing.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
3. Baker, Mark C.(1989).Object Sharing and Projection in Serial Verb Constructions.Linguistic Inquiry,20,513-553.
4. Browning, Marguerite(1987).MIT.
5. Chao, Yuen-Ren.(1968).A Grammar of Spoken Chinese.Berkeley, California:University of California Press.
6. Chen, Chong-yu.(1979).On Predicative Complements.Journal of Chinese Linguistics,7,44-64.
7. Collins, Chris.(1997).Argument Sharing in Serial Verb Constructions.Linguistic Inquiry,28,461-497.
8. Dubinshy, Stanley,Kemp Williams.(1995).Recategorization of Prepositions as Complimentizers: the Case of Temporal Preposition in English.Linguistic Inquiry,26,125-137.
9. Feng, Sheng-li.(2003).Light Verb ovement and the VO Relation in Modern and Classical Chinese.Harvard University.
10. Hamel, Patricia J.(1993).Serial Verbs in Loniu and an Evolving Preposition.Oceanic Linguistics,32,111-132.
11. Heine, Bernd,Tania Kuteva.(2002).World Lexicon of Grammaticalization.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
12. Heine, Bernd,Ulrike Claudi,Friederike Hunnemeyer(1991).Grammaticalization: a Conceptual Framework.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
13. Hopper, Paul J.,Elizabeth C. Traugott.(1993).Grammaticalization.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
14. Hornstein, Norbert.(2001).Move! A Minimalist Theory of Construal.Malden, Massachusetts:Blackwell.
15. Huang, C.-T. James.(1982).MIT.
16. Huang, C.-T. James,C.-S. Luther Liu.(2001).Logophoricity, attitudes and ziji at the interface.Syntax and Semantics,33,141-195.
17. Huang, Chu-Ren,Kathleen Ahrens.(1999).The Function and Category of Gei in Mandarin Ditransitive Constructions.Journal of Chinese Linguistics,27,1-26.
18. Huang, Shuping.(2004).On Deriving Polysemy: Gei "Give" in Discourse and Literacy.Paper presented at the 15th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics
19. Jones, Charles.(1991).Purpose Clauses.Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic.
20. Li, Charles N.,Sandra Thompson.(1981).Mandarin Chinese: a Functional Reference Grammar.Berlin and New York:Mouton de Cruyter.
21. Li, Yafei.,Claire Lefebvre (ed.)(1991).In Serial verbs: Grammatical, Comparative and Cognitive Approaches.Amsterdam:John Benjamins Publishing Company.
22. Li, Yen-Hui Audrey.(1990).Order and Constituency in Mandarin Chinese.Dordrecht:Kluwer.
23. Paul, Waltrauld.(1988).The Syntax of Verb-object Phrases in Chinese Constraints and Reanalysis.Taipei:The Crane bookstore.
24. Paul, Watrauld.(1987).The Purposive Gei-phrase in Chinese.Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale,16(2)
25. Peyraube, Alain.(1986).The Historical Development of Double Object Constructions Between the Han and Tang Dynasties,3,204-216.
26. Roberts, Ian,Anna Roussou.(2003).Syntactic Change: A Minimalist Approach to Grammaticalization.New York:Cambridge University Press.
27. Roberts, Ian,Anna Roussou.(1999).A Formal Approach to "Grammaticalization.".Linguistics,37,1011-1041.
28. Rosenbaum, Peter S. (eds.),Roderick Jacobs(1970).In Readings in English Transformational Grammar.Waltham, Massachusetts:Ginn and Company.
29. Schachter, Paul.(1974).A Non-transformational Account of Serial verbs.Studies in African Linguistics,5,253-270.
30. Simpson, Andrew.(1998).Empty Determiners and Nominalization in Chinese, Japanese and Korean.Paper presented at the Symposium on the Syntax of East Asian Languages,Los Angeles:
31. Simpson, Andrew,Zoe Wu.(2002).IP-raising, Tone Sandhi and the Creation of S-final Particles: Evidence for Cyclic Spell-out.Journal of East Asian Linguistics,11,67-99.
32. Stockwell, Robert.,William Christie (ed.)(1976).In Current Progress in Historical Linguistics.Amsterdam:North-Holland.
33. Tang, C.-C. Jane.(1990).Cornnel University.
34. Tang, Sze-wing.(2003).A Parametric Theory of Chinese Dialectal Grammar.Beijing:Beijing University Press.
35. Tang, Ting-Chi.(1979).Studies in Chinese Syntax.Taipei:The Student bookstore.
36. Teng, Shou-hsin.(1975).University of California Publications in Linguistics.Berkeley and Los Angeles:University of California Press.
37. Wu, Zoe.(2000).University of Southern California.
38. Wu, Zoe.,Sze-wing Tang,Chen-sheng Luther Liu (eds.)(2002).In On the formal Way to Chinese Languages.Stanford, California:CSLI.
39. Xu, Lie-jong(1994).The Antecedent of Ziji.Journal of Chinese Linguistics,22,115-136.
40. Zhang, Shi.(1990).Correlations Between the Double Object Construction and Preposition Stranding.Linguistic Inquiry,21(2),312-316.
41. Zhu, De-xi.(1983).Complex Constructions With Verb Gei.Zhongguo Yuwen,3,161-166.
42. Zhu, De-xi.(1979).Sentences Containing the Verb Gei.Fangyan,2,81-87.

1. Lee, Hui-Chi(2009).KA…HOO CONSTRUCTIONS IN TAIWAN SOUTHERN MIN.臺灣語言學期刊,7(2),25-47.
2. Tseng, Yu-Ching(2012).An Optimality Theoretic Analysis of the Distribution of Hakka Prepositions DI, DO, BUN, LAU, TUNG, ZIONG.同心圓：語言學研究,38(2),171-209.
3. 黃瑞恆(2022).ON THE SYNTAX OF HOO CONSTRUCTIONS IN TAIWANESE SOUTHERN MIN.Taiwan Journal of Linguistics,20(1),151-195.
4. (2009).Unifying the Long Passive and the Short Passive: On the Bei Construction in Taiwan Mandarin.語言暨語言學,10(3),421-470.
5. (2021)。現代台灣客語與「分佢」相關的致使結構之語法和語意特點。語言暨語言學，22(3)，475-512。