Metaphorization and Metonymization: Diachronic Development of Verbs of Volition in Southern Min

隱喻化及轉喻化：閩南語意願動詞的歷史演變

10.6519/TJL.2009.7(1).3

張妙霞(Miao-Hsia Chang)

閩南語 ； 意願動詞 ； 語法化 ； 歷史演變 ； 隱喻化 ； 轉喻化 ； Southern Min ； verbs of volition ； grammaticalization ； diachronic development ； metaphorization ； metonymization

Taiwan Journal of Linguistics

7卷1期（2009 / 06 / 01）

53 - 83

英文

本文研究閩南語意願動詞「愛」與「卜／欲」的歷史語意演變。本文語料包含明清時代歌仔戲文，十九世紀末至二十世紀初歌仔冊，以及當代閩南語口語自然語料。結果顯示，「愛」與「卜／欲」的語意演變可以十九世紀末至二十世紀初為界限，分為兩個階段：明清用法及當代用法。自明代迄今，「愛」最主要的語意為表達喜好，意願，或希望。在明清時代，「愛」亦可標記未來可能發生的動作或事件；然而，「愛」所指的未來事件僅限於不利談話者的事件；此用法在十九世紀末逐漸消失。現代閩南語中，「愛」發展出表達『需要』的語意；此功能用於標記後接的動作；同時，此動作通常是一般人所認同需要去從事的活動或動作。明清時代的「卜／欲」主要有七個用法：欲望／意願／希望，未來，過度，需要，接近，以及條件。在現代閩南語中，『欲望』的語意已少用於對實物的想望或需要，而主要用於後接主事者所欲從事的動作。以上「愛」與「卜／欲」的語意變化可說是受到隱喻化及轉喻化的交互作用所產生的演變。隱喻化主要促成「愛」與「卜／欲」由喜愛具體事物到從事某活動的意願；在此同時，「愛」與「卜／欲」也從動詞轉換為近似助動詞的用法。此外，「愛」與「卜／欲」也演化出『未來』的語意。轉喻化則主要促成因語境強化而形成的語意：過度（卜／欲），需要（愛與卜／欲），接近（卜／欲），條件（卜／欲），以及不利談話者的未來事件的標記（愛）。

This paper investigates the diachrony of the verbs of volition ai and beh in Southern Min (SM). The data include historical SM texts (16(superscript th)-19(superscript th) century), folk songs in the late 19(superscript th) to early 20(superscript th) century, and contemporary natural Taiwanese Southern Min conversations. The results mainly mark two stages of the development of ai and beh: historical (before 1900) and contemporary SM. Since the 16th century (Ming Dynasty), ai has been used as a verb of volition indicating love, intention or hope. As for historical ai, it marked future, specialized however for predicting an adverse future. In contemporary SM, a sense of necessity emerged with the use of ai denoting general agreement among people. Seven senses are attributed to historical beh: want/intention/hope, future, excessiveness, necessity, proximity and conditionality. In contemporary SM, the indication of the want of an entity has become a less preferred use, and necessity is only preserved when indicating puzzlement and helplessness. The diachronic developments of ai and beh demonstrate an interplay of metaphorization and metonymization (Traugott and Dasher 2002:27). Metaphorization contributes first to the semantic shift of ai and beh from ”to want; to love” to ”to intend to” and a concurrent categorical change from lexical verb into auxiliary, and second, to the evolution of future. Metonymization activates an even wider range of uses and meaning change, including the pragmatic strengthening of interpretations such as excessiveness (beh), necessity (ai, beh), proximity (beh) and conditional (beh), and prediction of an undesirable future (ai).

1. Li, Cherry Ing.(2001).Minimization, conversational inference, and grammaticalization in Taiwanese Southern Min.Proceedings of the Symposium on Selected NSC Projects in General Linguistics from 1998-2000
   連結：
2. The Texts Database of Folk Songs in Southern Min Dialect
3. (1995).Contemporary Taiwanese Southern Min: Two and a half hours of natural conversations in contemporary Taiwanese Southern Min.
4. Bybee, Joan,Revere D. Perkins,William Pagliuca(1994).The Evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World.Chicago:The University of Chicago Press.
5. Bybee, Joan,William Pagliuca.,Anna Giacalone Ramat(ed.)(1987).Ononfrio Carruba, and Giuliano Bernini.Amsterdam:John Benjamins.
6. Bybee, Joan,William Pagliuca,Revere D. Perkins,Traugott(eds.),Heine (eds.)(1991).Back to the future,2,17-58.
7. Chang, Miao-Hsia.,H. Samuel Wang (ed.),Feng-fu Tsao,Chin-fa Lien(1999).Discourse and grammaticalization: A synchronic study of the Taiwanese modal verb beh.Selected Papers from the Fifth International Conference on Chinese Linguistics,Taipei:
8. Chang, Miao-Hsia,Marina Y. Chen.(2003).Volition verb movement in Taiwanese Southern Min and Mandarin Chinese.Paper presented at the Conference on Comparative Diachronic Syntax
9. Chen, Peng-nian,Sung Dynasty(2001).Xin Jiao Song Ben Guang Yun.Taipei:Hung Ye Pub. Co..
10. Chen, Shu-chin.(2003).National Taiwan Normal University.
11. Cheng, Robert L.,Susie S. Cheng.(1977).Phonological Structure and Romanization of Taiwanese Hokkian.Taipei:Student Book Co.
12. Cheng, Ying.(2003).Diachronic development of modal verbs: A comparative study of Chinese dialects.Journal of Taiwanese Languages and Literature,1(1),109-144.
13. Cruse, D.,M. Aronoff (ed.),Janie Rees-Miller(2001).The Handbook of Linguistics.New Jersey:Blackwell.
14. De Smet,Hendrik.(2005).The case of like and love with the to-infinitive.Journal of English Linguistics,33(1),3-34.
15. Grice, Paul.,Peter Cole(ed.),J. Morgan(1975).Speech Acts. Syntax and Semantics.New York:Academic Press.
16. Heine, Bernd.,Ilse Wischer Wischer(ed.),Gabriele Diewald(2002).New Reflections on Grammaticalization.Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John Benjamins.
17. Heine, Bernd,Mechthild Reh.(1984).Grammaticalization and Reanalysis in African Languages.Hamburg:Buske.
18. Heine, Bernd,Ulrike Claudi,Friederike Hünnemeyer(1991).Grammaticalization: A Conceptual Framework.Chicago:The University of Chicago Press.
19. Hopper, Paul J.,Elizabeth Closs Traugott(2003).Grammaticalization.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
20. Hopper, Paul J.,Elizabeth Closs Traugott(1993).Grammaticalization.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
21. Hopper, Paul.,Traugott(eds.),Heine (eds.)(1991).On some principles of grammaticalization.
22. Horn, Laurenc R.,Deborah Schiffrin(ed.)(1984).Meaning, Form, and Use in Context: Linguistic Applications; Georgetown University Round Table'84.Washington D.C.:Georgetown University Press.
23. Jacobs,Andras,Andreas H. Jucker(ed.)(1995).Historical Pragmatics.Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John Benjamins.
24. Jespersen, Otto.(1924).The Philosophy of Grammar.Heidelberg:Karl Winter.
25. Levinson,Stephen C.,F. R. Palmer(ed.)(1995).Grammar and Meaning: Essays in Honor of Sir John Lyons.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
26. Li, Wen-Chao.(1999).A Diachronically-Motivated Segmental Phonology of Mandarin Chinese Berkeley Insights in Linguistics and Semiotics.New York:Peter Lang Publishing, Inc.
27. Lichtenberk, Frantisek.,Traugott(eds.),Heine (eds.)(1991).On the gradualness of grammaticalization,1,37-80.
28. Liu, Mei-jun.(1993).University of Colorado at Boulder.
29. Lyons, John.(1977).Semantics.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
30. Norman, Jerry(1988).Chinese.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
31. Peyraube, Alain.,Hilary Chappell(ed.)(2004).Chinese Grammar.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
32. Traugott(eds.),Elizabeth Closs(eds.),Bernd Heine (eds.)(1991).Approaches to Grammaticalization.Amsterdam:John Benjamins.
33. Traugott, Elizabeth Closs(1989).On the rise of epistemic meanings in English: An example of subjectification in semantic change.Language,65(1),31-55.
34. Traugott, Elizabeth Closs(1988).Pragmatic strengthening and grammaticalization.Berkeley Linguistic Society, Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Meeting
35. Traugott, Elizabeth Closs,Haiman, John(ed.)(1985).Iconicity in Syntax.Amsterdam:John Benjamins.
36. Traugott, Elizabeth Closs,Richard B. Dasher.(2002).Regularity in Semantic Change.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
37. Traugott,Elizabeth Closs,Ekkehard König,Traugott(eds.),Heine (eds.)(1991).The semantics-pragmatics of grammaticalization revisited
38. Tzang, Ding-Sng.(1980).A study of Taiwanese Southern Min folk songs.Taipei:The Commercial Press, Ltd.
39. Ultan, Russel.,Joseph Greenberg(ed.)(1978).Universals of Human Language.Stanford:Stanford University Press.
40. Wang, Chao-hui.(2006).National Taiwan Normal University.
41. Wu, Shouli.(1995).A Study of Southern Min Dialects.Taipei:Nantian Bookstore.
42. Wu, Shouli.(1975).A Collation of the Butterfly Lovers Published in the Qianlung Reign Period of the Qing Dynasty.Tainan:Tingchingtang Book Series.
43. Wu, Shouli.(2001).A Collation of the Story of Lizhi Published in the Jiajing Reign Period of the Ming Dynasty.Tainan:Congyi Studio.
44. Wu, Shouli.(2001).A Collation of the Story of Lizhi Published in the Guangxu Reign Period of the Qing Dynasty.Tainan:Congyi Studio.
45. Wu, Shouli.(2001).A Collation of the Story of Lizhi Published in the Shunzhi Reign Period of the Qing Dynasty.Tainan:Congyi Studio.
46. Wu, Shouli.(2001).A Collation of the Story of Lizhi in the Shunzhi Reign Period of the Qing Dynasty.Tainan:Congyi Studio.
47. Wu, Shouli.(2001).A Collation of the Story of Lizhi and Mirror Published in the Jiajing Reign Period of the Ming Dynasty.Tainan:Congyi Studio.

1. Hsu, Ting-Ting Christina(2016).From Volition to Obligation: A Force-Involved Change through Subjectification.同心圓：語言學研究,42(2),65-97.
2. 杜佳倫(2017)。閩語表意志及即將之語詞「發」的歷史來源與發展演變。臺大中文學報，59，255-304。