The Meaning Extension of Xiang and Its Polysemy Network

「向」之語意延伸及其語意網狀系統

10.6519/TJL.2010.8(2).1

陳美秀(Mei-Hsiu Chen)；張榮興(Jung-Hsing Chang)

多義詞 ； 隱喻 ； 動作事件 ； 攝取角度 ； polysemy ； metaphor ； motion event ； perspective

Taiwan Journal of Linguistics

8卷2期（2010 / 09 / 01）

1 - 31

英文

本論文旨在探討認知機制(cognitive processes)和動作事件(motion event)的主要成分對中文多義詞的形成所造成的影響，主要討論兩個議題。第一個議題討論中文多義詞「向」之眾多意義間錯綜複雜的關係。本文認為「向」最早擁有的字義透過五種認知機制：語意擴大、跨越狀態、突顯、隱喻與觀察點的轉移，延伸出許多不同的意義，形成關係緊密的語意網狀系統(semantic network)。第二個議題討論為何「向」可同時用來標示目標(goal)及來源(source)兩個相對的意義。本文認為這兩個相對意義的形成是由於意象圖示中的觀察點轉移所造成的：當觀察點從主體位移的起點轉移到主體位移的終點時，「向」由標示主體位移的終點（目標）轉變為標示主體位移的起點（來源），因而產生了兩個相對的意義。

Based on the idea that cognitive processes play an important role in linguistic analysis, this paper focuses on two main issues. The first issue is concerned with the nature of the intertwined relations of the various meanings of the Chinese polysemous word xiang and how these different meanings are extended from the original meaning found in ancient Chinese texts. The relations between these meanings can be accounted for in terms of five cognitive processes: generalization, extendability across motive states, profile, metaphor, and change in the position of the perspective point, all of which constitute links within the semantic network of xiang. The second issue is concerned with why xiang has two opposite meanings, i.e., goal marker and source marker. It is proposed that the two opposite meanings result from a change in the position of the perspective point in a given schema. That is, by changing the perspective point from that of the starting point of the movement of the Figure to the endpoint of the movement, the Figure, which moves from the starting point to the endpoint, is changed from being seen as leaving the observer to being seen as getting closer to the observer.

1. Alverson, Hoyt(1994).Semantics and Experience: Universal Metaphors of Time in English, Mandarin, Hindi, and Sesotho.Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press.
2. Brugman, Claudia,Lakoff, George(1998).Cognitive topology and lexical networks.Lexical Ambiguity Resolution: Perspectives from Psycholinguistics Neuropsychology and Artificial Intelligence,San Mateo, CA:
3. Chen, Weirong(2007).Kho?6 „give‟ and causative constructions in Hui‟an Southern Min.2007 Annual Research Forum of the Linguistics Society of Hong Kong
4. Chu, Chengzhi(2001).The semantics of the Mandarin preposition xiang: A cognitive approach.Proceedings of NACCL-12 (The 12th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics), vol. I,Los Angeles:
5. Dirven, René,Verspoor, Marjolijn(1998).Cognitive Exploration of Language and Linguistics.Amsterdam:John Benjamins.
6. Fu, Huaiqing(1985).Xiandai Hanyu Cihui.Beijing:Beijing University Press.
7. Goddard, Cliff(1998).Semantic Analysis: A Practical Introduction.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
8. Huang, Libing(2002).Cong yuyan kan shikong guannian de bu pingheng xing.Hubei Minzu Xueyuan Xuebao,18(1),110-114.
9. Jackendoff, Ray(1990).Semantic Structures.Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.
10. Jackendoff, Ray(1983).Semantics and Cognition.Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.
11. Johnson, Mark(1987).The Body in the Mind: The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
12. Lakoff, George(1987).Woman, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal About the Mind.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
13. Langacker, Ronald W.(1987).Foundations of Cognitive Grammar I: Theoretical Prerequisites.Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press.
14. Lee, David(2001).Cognitive Linguistics: An Introduction.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
15. Lyons, John(1977).Semantics, volume 2.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
16. Ma, Beijia(2002).Jindai Hanyu Jieci.Beijing:Zhonghua Shuju.
17. Ma, Beijia(1999).Chusuo jieci xiang de chansheng yu fazhan.Yuwen Yanjiu,1,43-47.
18. Rhee, Seongha(2007).Many uses of one place: Grammaticalization of han-tey „one place‟.17th Japanese-Korean Linguistics Conference,Los Angeles:
19. Rhee, Seongha(2000).Frame of focus in grammaticalization.Discourse and Cognition,7(2),79-104.
20. Shen, Ya-Ming(1996).The semantics of the Chinese verb „come‟.Cognitive Linguistics in the Redwoods: The Expansion of a New Paradigm in Linguistics,New York:
21. Talmy, Leonard(1985).Lexicalization patterns: Semantic structure in lexical forms.Language Typology and Syntactic Description,Cambridge:
22. Talmy, Leonard(1975).Semantics and syntax of motion.Syntax and Semantics,London:
23. Talmy, Leonard(2000).Toward a Cognitive Semantics I: Concept Structuring System.Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.
24. Talmy, Leonard(2003).The representation of spatial structure in spoken and signed language.Perspectives on Classifier Constructions in Sign Languages,Mahwah, NJ:
25. Tayler, John R.(2002).Cognitive Grammar.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
26. Ullmann, Stephen(1957).The Principles of Semantics.Oxford:Blackwell.
27. Ungerer, F.,Schamid, H. J.(2006).An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics.New York:Pearson Education Limited.
28. Xu, Fuling(1993).Xiandai Hanyu Zhengwu Jujie Shouce.Hainan:Hainan Chubanshe.