Investigating the Syntax of Postverbal Modals in Hakka

客語動後模態詞句法研究

10.6519/TJL.2012.10(1).2

鍾叡逸(Zoey Jui-Yi Chung)

比較語法 ； 製圖理論 ； 動後模態詞 ； 客語 ； comparative syntax ； cartography ； postverbal modal ； Hakka

Taiwan Journal of Linguistics

10卷1期（2012 / 06 / 01）

69 - 113

英文

客語動後模態詞，tet「得」，有別於典型模態句式呈現獨特的動後語序，造成語言內部分歧；同時也引起理論層次的問題，即超乎普遍基底假說（Universal Base Hypothesis, Cinque 1997）的預測。再者就模態性（modality）而論，動後模態句展現了「模態光譜」（the spectrum of modality），下從辭彙層的能願情態、上致曲折層的義務情態。本文利用製圖理論（Cartographic Approach, Rizzi 1997, Cinque 1999）探討其句法語義特質，並從比較語法的角度切入，以廣泛了解動後模態現象。動後模態結構一如典型模態句，模態詞組居於動詞組之上，表層的動後語序則是肇因於詞法要求，驅動動詞移位或者輕動詞架接，而這兩者都可以從被動式、處置式和副詞修飾範域等現象得到驗證。本文藉由客語動後模態詞研究配合跨語言比較，補捉模態詞句法語義的對應關係，以及功能詞之間的互動現象。

This paper presents a syntactic account for the odd distribution of the postverbal modal element, tet, in Sixian Hakka, an SVO language in which a modal auxiliary precedes the main verb. Inspired by the cartographic approach (Cinque 1999, Rizzi 1997), I propose that the modal element tet patterns with regular modals in being syntactically higher than the VP, and the surface form is derived to satisfy the morphonological requirement of tet via either Move (of V-raising) or Merge (with the light verb zo 'do'). Three types of tet sentences show the spectrum of modality across functional projections (Tsai 2010). Furthermore, the present analysis can explain the asymmetries of the three types of tet in the passivization and disposal construals as well as the interaction with certain adverbials. Finally, I compare tet with Cantonese dak (Cheng and Sybesma 2004), to achieve a broader cross-dialectal perspective. This analysis provides a better understanding of the mapping between syntax and semantics.

1. Lee, Hun-Tak Thomas. 1995. Postverbal quantifiers in Cantonese. Ms. The Chinese University of Hong Kong..
2. Huang, James C.-T. 2005. Syntactic Analyticity and the Other End of the Parameter. LSA Course..
3. Rizzi, Luigi. 1999. On the Position “Int(errogative)” in The Left Periphery of the Clause. Ms. Università di Siena..
4. Rizzi, Luigi. 2004a. On the Form of Chains: Criterial Positions and ECP Effects. Ms. University of Siena..
5. Beck, Sigrid(2006).Intervention effects follow from focus interpretation.Natural Language Semantics,12,1-56.
6. Bellert, Irena(1977).On Semantic and Distributional Properties of Sentential Adverbs.Linguistic Inquiry,8,337-351.
7. Belleti, Adriana(2004).Structures and Beyond. The Cartography of Syntactic Structures.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
8. Bobaljik, Jonathan David(1995).MIT.
9. Boeckx, Cedric,Stjepanović, Sandra(2001).Heading toward PF.Linguistic Inquiry,32,345-355.
10. Boskovic, Zeljko,Lasnik, Howard(2003).On the Distribution of Null Complementizers.Linguistic Inquiry,34,527-546.
11. Butler, Jonny(2003).A Minimalist Treatment of Modality.Lingua,113,967-996.
12. Cheng, Lai-Shen Lisa,Sybesma, Rint(2004).Postverbal 'can' in Cantonese (and Hakka) and Agree.Lingua,114,419-445.
13. Chiang, Min-hua(2007).A preliminary survey of verb complement constructions in Dongshi Hakka.Journal of Chinese Linguistics,35(2),25-66.
14. Chiang, Shu-Mei(2009).Taipei,National Chengchi University.
15. Chomsky, Noam(1995).The Minimalist Program.Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.
16. Chomsky, Noam(2001).Derivation by Phase.Ken Hale: A Life in Language,Cambridge, MA:
17. Chomsky, Noam,Lasnik, Howard(1993).Principles and parameters theory.Syntax: An International Handbook of Contemporary Research,Berlin:
18. Cinque, Guglielmo(2006).Restructuring and Functional Heads: The Cartography of Syntactic Structures Volume 4.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
19. Cinque, Guglielmo(1999).Adverbs and Functional Heads.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
20. Cinque, Guglielmo(2005).Deriving Greenberg's Universal 20 and its Exceptions.Linguistic Inquiry,36,315-332.
21. Cinque, Guglielmo,Rizzi, Luigi(2008).The Cartography of Syntactic Structures.STiL-Studies in Linguistics CISCL Working Papers,1(2),42-58.
22. De Haan, Ferdinand(2005).Encoding speaker perspective: Evidentials.Linguistic Diversity and Language Theories,Amsterdam:
23. Enfield, N.J.(2003).Linguistic epidemiology. Semantics and grammar in mainland South-East Asia.London:Routledge.
24. Ernst, Thomas(2002).The Syntax of Adjuncts.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
25. Gärtner, Hans-Martin(2002).Generalized transformations and beyond: Reflections on minimalist syntax.Berlin:Akademie-Verlag.
26. Haspelmath, Martin(ed.),Dryer, Matthew S.(ed.),Gil, David(ed.),Comrie, Bernard(ed.)(2005).The World Atlas of Language Structures.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
27. Haumann, Dagmar(2007).Adverb Licensing and Clause Structure in English.Journal of Linguistics,44(1),238-243.
28. He, Gang-Yong(1991)。Kejia fangyan yufa yanjiu。Xiamen University Press。
29. Huang, James C.-T.(2008)。Cong 'tade laoshi dang-de hao' tanqi。Linguistic Sciences，7(3)，225-241。
30. Huang, James C.-T.(1999).Chinese Passives in Comparative Perspective.Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies,29,423-509.
31. Huang, James C.-T.(2004)。他的老師當得好。Essays Commemorating Professor Lü Shuxiang, published by Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
32. Huang, James C.-T.(1997).On lexical structure and syntactic projection.Chinese Languages and Linguistics,3,45-89.
33. Huang, James C.-T.(1988).Wo pao de kuai and Chinese phrase structure.Language,64,274-311.
34. Huang, James C.-T.(2006).Resultatives and unaccusatives: a parametric view.Bulletin of the Chinese Linguistic Society of Japan,253,1-43.
35. Lai, Huei-ling(2001).On Hakka BUN: A case of polygrammaticalization.Language and Linguistics,2(2),137-153.
36. Li, Shih-Min(2008).Variation of X det4 construction in Hakka.5th International Conference on Construction Grammar,USA:
37. Li, Shih-Min(2008).The pathway of semantic and morphosyntactic change of det4 （得）in Hakka.7th Conference on Language Teaching and Linguistics in Taiwan
38. Lin, Tzong-Hong Jonah(2001).Irvine,University of California.
39. Luo, Zhao-Jin(1985)。The Grammar of Hakka Dialect。Taipei:Student Book., Ltd。
40. Qin Xiaohang(1995).Modern Zhuang Language.Beijing:Publishing House of the Central Institute for Nationalities.
41. Radford, Andrew(2004).Minimalist Syntax: Exploring the Structure of English.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
42. Rizzi, Luigi(1997).The Fine Structure of the Left Periphery.Elements of Grammar,Dordrecht:
43. Rizzi, Luigi(1990).Relativized Minimality.Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.
44. Simpson, Andrew(2001).Focus, presupposition and light predicate raising in East and Southeast Asia.Journal of East Asian Linguistics,10(2),89-128.
45. Simpson, Andrew(ed.),Li, A.(ed.)(2003).Functional Structure(s), Form and Interpretation: Perspectives from Asian languages.London:CurzonRoutledge.
46. Sybesma, Rint(2008).Zhuang: A Tai language with some Sinitic characteristics.From linguistic areas to areal linguistics,Amsterdam:
47. Tang, Sze-Wing(2003).Properties of ngaang and the syntax of verbal particles in Cantonese.Journal of Chinese Linguistics,31(2),245-269.
48. Tang, Sze-Wing(2006).A parametric approach to the typology of subtopics in Chinese dialects.Linguistic Sciences,5(6),3-11.
49. Tang, Sze-Wing(2002).Focus and dak in Cantonese.Journal of Chinese Linguistics,30(2),266-309.
50. Tsai, Cheng-Yu Edwin,Chung, Jui-yi Zoey(2010).The syntax of modal tet in Hakka and some dialectal correlates.joint meeting of IACL-18 & NACCL-22
51. Tsai, Wei-Tien(2008).Tense Anchoring in Chinese.Lingua,118,675-686.
52. Tsai, Wei-Tien(2010)。談漢語模態詞其分布與詮釋的對應關係。Zhongguo Yuwen，3，208-221。
53. Tsai, Wei-Tien Dylan(2001).On Subject Specificity and Theory of Syntax-Semantics Interface.Journal of East Asian Linguistics,10,129-168.
54. Tsai, Wei-Tien Dylan(2007).Two types of light verbs in Chinese.IACL-15/NACCL-19,New York City:
55. van Riemsdijk, Henk(1998).Head Movement and Adjacency.Natural Language and Linguistic Theory,16(3),633-679.
56. Yang, Chung-Yu Barry(2009).Two types of intervention effects.7th GLOW in Asia,Hyderabad, India:
57. Zwicky, Arnold M.,Pullum, Geoffrey K.(1983).Cliticization vs. inflection: English n't.Language,59,502-13.

1. (2017).On some mysteries, asymmetries and derivation of potential de construction in Chinese.語言暨語言學,18(4),647-698.