「台中腔」－台灣中部華語的聲調特徵及其成因初探

A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE TONAL FEATURES OF CENTRAL TAIWAN MANDARIN

10.6519/TJL.202001_18(1).0004

許慧如(Khoo, Hui-lu)

台中腔 ； 台灣華語 ； 語言變異 ； 語言接觸 ； Taiwan Mandarin ； Central Taiwan Mandarin ； Taichung accent ； language variation ； language contact

Taiwan Journal of Linguistics

18卷1期（2020 / 01 / 01）

115 - 157

繁體中文

本文調查分析台灣中部華語的聲調特徵，為社會語言學的語音變異研究。結果顯示，中部華語的高頻點音頻下降至次高頻點，尤以第一聲最明顯。本研究推測，中部華語的高頻點音高下降，可能是台華語接觸初期，由台語移轉（transfer）至華語的特徵之一。華語的高平調型降為中平調型，不但差異不大，也不致普遍影響辨義，可能也是中部華語擴散的原因。本研究還從台灣華語的形成過程，探討「台中腔」一詞出現的背景。華語在台灣經過集體L2習得、等化、定著等過程後，大約在一九九○年代形成台灣華語。過去未被注意的中部華語聲調特徵，也因台灣華語的穩定而浮現，並出現「台中腔」一詞。不過，「台中腔」一詞的涵義仍在變動，似乎和「台灣國語」一詞部分重疊。

This is a preliminary study of Central Taiwan Mandarin tonal variations, better known as Taichung Qiang, literally Taichung accent, an innovative but neither well-agreed nor well-defined term. Results indicated that the pitch of the high register points of CTM were lowered to semi-high. This lowering further pushed one semi-high register point to mid-register. It was suggested that the pitch lowering of CTM T1 was originally an L1 transfer from certain central Taiwanese dialects. This transfer occurred in as early as not long after WW II but had not been noticed until the 1990s, roughly overlapping with the focusing of Taiwan Mandarin. The late notice of this tonal feature may be partly attributed to the fact that high level tone and mid level tone are not in tonemic relation, and thus not as salient as segment transfers. This study also noticed that the expansion of the reference of CTM. It originally referred only to ＂a Taiwan Mandarin dialect spoken in Taichung＂, but now the reference is expanding to partly overlapping with Taiwanese Mandarin, a term roughly equals non-standard Mandarin in Taiwan.

1. Hsu, Hui-ju,Tse, John Kwock-ping(2009).Tonal Leveling of Taiwan Mandarin: A Study in Taipei.Concentric: Studies in Linguistics,35(2),225-244.
   連結：
2. 許麗雅, Li-Ya(2007)。台語歌曲之語言聲調與曲調的關係研究—以蕭泰然創作《出外人》與《上美的花》二首歌曲為例。藝術學報，80，143-173。
   連結：
3. 蔡盛琦, Sheng-chi(2011)。戰後初期學國語熱潮與國語讀本。國家圖書館館刊，2，60-98。
   連結：
4. 薛立敏, Li-Min,曾喜鵬, His-Peng,謝鈺偉, Yu-Wei(2008)。台灣地區近年來遷移行為變化之影響因素分析—家戶遷移決策與遷移地點選之聯合估計。人口學刊，34，69-107。
   連結：
5. Boersma, Paul and David Weenink. 2012. Praat: Doing Phonetics by Computer. (http://www.praat.org/)
6. Fon, Janice,Chiang, Wen-yu(1999).What Does Chao Have to Say About Tones? – A Case Study of Taiwan Mandarin.Journal of Chinese Linguistics,27(1),15-37.
7. Fon, Janice,Chiang, Wen-yu,Cheung, Hintat(2004).Production and Perception of Two Dipping Tones(T2 and T3) in Taiwan Mandarin.Journal of Chinese Linguistics,32(2),249-280.
8. Fon, Janice,Hsu, Hui-ju(2009).Positional and phonotactic effects on the realization of dipping tones in Taiwan Mandarin.Experimental Studies in Word and Sentence Prosody,Berlin:
9. Hsu, Hui-ju(2006).Taipei,National Taiwan Normal University.
10. Hsu, Hui-ju(2004).Taiwan Mandarin – Does It Remain Homogeneous?.Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Chinese Spoken Language Processing,Hong Kong:
11. Huang, Yi-hsuan(2008).Taipei,National Taiwan University.
12. Huang, Yi-hsuan,Fon, Janice(2011).Investigating the Effect of Min on Dialectal Variations of Mandarin Tonal Realization.Proceedings of the 17th International Congress of Phonetics Sciences,Hong Kong:
13. Labov, William(1994).Principles of Linguistic Change: Internal Factors.Cambridge:Blackwell.
14. Labov, William,Karen Mark,Miller, Corey(1991).Near-mergers and the suspension of phonemic contrast.Language Variation and Change,3,33-74.
15. Milroy, Lesley,Gordon, Matthew(2003).Sociolinguistics: Method and Interpretation.Oxford:Blackwell.
16. Trudgill, Peter(1986).Dialects in Contact.Oxford:Blackwell.
17. Trudgill, Peter(2004).New-Dialect formation: The inevitability of colonial Englishes.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
18. Trudgill, Peter,Gordon, Elizabeth,Lewis, Gillian,Maclagan, Margaret(2000).Determinism in new-dialect formation and the genesis of New Zealand English.Journal of Linguistics,36,299-318.
19. Winford, Donald(2002).An Introduction to Contact Linguistics.Oxford:Blackwell.
20. 吳庭宇. 2014.〈台灣國語的世代演變:語音與語言態度初探〉，國立臺灣師範大學手稿。Wu, Ting-yu. 2014. The Generational Change of Taiwanese Mandarin: A Preliminary Study of the Phonetic Performances and Language Attitudes. Unpublished research report, National Taiwan Normal University.
21. 洪惟仁, Uijin(1992).台灣方言之旅.台北=Taipei:前衛出版社=Avanguard Publishing House.
22. 洪惟仁, Uijin(1989)。台灣諸語言之分佈與融合消長之競爭力分析。台灣風物，39(2)，43-80。
23. 洪惟仁, Uijin,張素蓉, Su-Jung(2008)。台中縣海線地區泉州腔的漸層分布: 一個社會地理方言學的研究。社會語言學與功能語法論文集，台北=Taipei:
24. 洪惟仁, Uijin,程士毅, Shi-yi(2014)。南投地區的語言分佈。劉枝萬與水沙連區域研究，新北市=New Taipei:
25. 涂文欽, Bun-khim(2008)。Hsinchu, Taiwan，國立新竹教育大學臺灣語言與語文教育研究所=National Hsinchu University of Education。
26. 張屏生, Ping-sheng(2007).台灣地區漢語方言的語音和詞彙冊一‧論述篇.台南=Tainan, Taiwan:開朗雜誌事業有限公司=Open-Mind Magazine Enterprise.
27. 張清郎, Ching-Lang(2009)。「臺灣歌曲」之「字調、詞句調」（words）與「曲調、歌調」（Melody）之美學關係。以張炫文、林武憲之曲、詞創作草仔枝；呂泉生（居然）之詞、曲創作杯底毋通飼金魚為例。音樂研究，13，157-208。
28. 許慧如, Hui-ju(2014)。在族群與語言接觸下形成的台灣華語——從聲學分析的結果看起。語言暨語言學，15(5)，635-662。
29. 陳娟文, Juanwen,李愛軍, Aijun,王霞, Xia(2003)。上海普通話和普通話詞重音的差異。語音研究報告
30. 董忠司, Chung-szu(2001).臺灣語語音入門.台北=Taipei:遠流=Yuan-Liou Publishing.
31. 董忠司, Chung-szu(1991)。台北市、台南市、鹿港、宜蘭方言音系的整理和比較。新竹師院學報，5，31-64。
32. 龔煌城, Hwang-cherng,姚榮松, Rong-song,洪惟仁, Uijin(1993)。行政院國科會專題研究計畫成果報告行政院國科會專題研究計畫成果報告,未出版