题名

反思經濟誘因、自然保育與集體行動

并列篇名

Rethinking Economic Incentive, Nature Conservation and Collective Action

DOI

10.6555/JEER.5.1.001

作者

戴興盛(Hsing-Sheng Tai)

关键词

經濟誘因 ； 集體行動 ； 永續發展 ； 制度 ； economic incentive ； collective action ； sustainable development ； institutions

期刊名称

環境教育研究

卷期/出版年月

5卷1期（2007 / 09 / 01）

页次

1 - 39

内容语文

繁體中文
中文摘要

近年來，經濟誘因的使用，已經在全球成為各國保育政策重要的一環。本文主要目的為，探討經濟誘因之使用在自然保育中所扮演的角色，尤其著重於經濟誘因對於集體行動、以及對於整合保育與社經發展目標的影響。全球實證研究顯示，利用經濟誘因在多數案例中並未能成功達成保育目標，而在其餘案例中其保育成效亦是參差不齊，本文因而從生物生態、社會經濟、制度等層面的角度出發，詳盡地探究為何經濟誘因在保育工作中的使用經常未能達成其理論上所預期的效果。研究結果發現，在既定的生物生態、社會經濟、制度等條件下，現今流行的「為利用付費」模式往往將保育目標置於高度風險之中；反之，本研究建議，若能根據「為保護付費」原則建立政策工具，則這些措施理論上將較能成功地達成保育目標。
英文摘要

In recent years, use of economic incentives has been promoted worldwide as an important component of conservation policy. This paper aims to investigate the role of economic incentives in nature conservation, particularly focusing on how economic incentives influence collective actions and integration of conservation and development objectives. At a global level, empirical reviews show that the conservation performance of market-oriented instruments has been unconvincing in most cases, and at best mixed overall. Accordingly, this paper deliberately examines the underlying biological, ecological, socio-economic and institutional reasons, explaining why economic incentives have often failed to achieve their theoretical promise. This essay finds that, under given biological, ecological, socio-economic and institutional conditions, the prevailing ”paying for use” model usually places conservation objectives at high risk. Instead, this study suggests that, those instruments which follow the ”paying for protection” principle theoretically show promise toward achieving conservation objectives.
主题分类 工程學 > 市政與環境工程
社會科學 > 教育學
参考文献
  1. 湯京平、呂嘉泓(2002)。永續發展與公共行政－從山美與里佳經驗談社區自治與「共享性資源」的管理。人文及社會科學集刊，14(2)，261-287。
    連結：
  2. 黃耀輝(2003)。一舉兩得的環境財政改革：改善財政和提升綠色所得。農業與經濟，30，89-119。
    連結：
  3. Abbot, J.,Thomas, D.,Gardner, A.,Neba, S.,Khen, M.(2001).Understanding the links between conservation and development in the Bamenda highlands, Cameroon.World Development,29(7),1115-1136.
  4. Adams, W.,D. Hulme,M. Murphree(Eds.)(2001).African wildlife & livelihoods: The promise & performance of community conservation.Oxford:James Currey Ltd.
  5. Agrawal, A.(2001).Common property institutions and sustainable governance of resources.World Development,29(10),1649-1672.
  6. Agrawal, A.,Gibson, C. C.(1999).Enchantment and disenchantment: The role of community in natural resource conservation.World Development,27(4),629-649.
  7. Alpert. P.(1996).Integrated conservation and development projects.BioScience,46(11),845-855.
  8. Anderson, P. N.(2001).Community-based conservation and social change amongst South Indian honey-hunters: An anthropological perspective.Oryx,35(1),81-83.
  9. Anderson, T. L.,Leal, D. R.(1991).Free Market Environmentalism.San Francisco:Westview Press.
  10. Arnold, J. E. M.,Ruiz Pérez, M.(2001).Can non-timber forest products match tropical forest conservation and development.Ecological Economics,39,437-447.
  11. Bardhan, P.(2002).Decentralization of governance and development.The Journal of Economic Perspectives,16(4),185-205.
  12. Barnes, J. I.,Macgregor, J.,Weaver, L. C.(2002).Economic efficiency and incentives for change within Namibia`s Community Wildlife Use Initiatives.World Development,30(4),667-681.
  13. Barrett, C. B.,Arcese, P.(1995).Are integrated conservation-development projects(ICDPs) sustainable? On the conservation of large mammals in Sub-Saharan Africa.World Development,23(7),1073-1084.
  14. Barrett, C. B.,Brandon, K.,Gibson, C. C.,Gjersten, H.(2001).Conserving tropical biodiversity amid weak institutions.BioScience,51(6),497-502.
  15. Barrett, C. B.,Lee, D. R.,Mcpeak, J. G.(2005).Institutional arrangements for rural poverty reduction and resource conservation.World Development,33(2),193-197.
  16. Belcher, B.,Ruíz-Pérez, M.,Achdiawan, R.(2005).Global patterns and trends in the use and management of commercial NTFPs: Implications for livelihoods and conservation.World Development,33(9),1435-1452.
  17. Berkes, F.(2004).Rethinking community-based conservation.Conservation Biology,18(3),621-630.
  18. Berkes, F.,E. Ostrom,T. Dietz,N. Dolsak,P. C. Stern,S. Stonich,E. U. Weber(Eds.)(2002).The Drama of the Commons.Washington, DC:National Academy Press.
  19. Berkes, F.,Folke, C.(Eds.)(1998).Linking Social and Ecological Systems: Management Practices and Social Mechanisms for Building Resilience.Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press.
  20. Brandon, K.,Wells, M.(1992).Planning for people and parks: Design dilemmas.World Development,20,557-570.
  21. Brechin, S. R.,Wilshusen, P. R.,Fortwangler, C. L.,West, P. C.(2002).Beyond the square wheel: Understanding of biodiversity conservation as social and political process.Society & Natural Resources,15,41-64.
  22. Brown, K.(2002).Innovations for conservation and development.The Geographical Journal,168(1),6-17.
  23. Brown, K.(2003).Three challenges for a real people-centred conservation.Global Ecology & Biogeography,12,89-92.
  24. C. H. Freese(Ed.)(1997).Harvesting Wild Species: Implications for Biodiversity Conservation.Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Press.
  25. Chambers, R.(1993).Challenging the Professions: Frontiers for Rural Development.London:Intermediate Technology.
  26. Clark, C. W.(1973).Profit Maximization and the extinction of animal species.Journal of Political Economy,81(2),950-961.
  27. Clark, C. W.(1976).Mathematical Bioeconomics: The Optimal Management of Renewable Resources.John Wiley & Sons, Inc..
  28. D. Hulme,M. Murphree(Eds.)(2001).African Wildlife & Livelihoods: The Promise & Performance of Community Conservation.Oxford:James Currey Ltd.
  29. D. Western,M. Wright(Eds.)(1994).Natural Connections: Perspectives in Community-Based Conservation.Washington, DC:Island Press.
  30. Damania, R.,Hatch, J.(2004).Protecting Eden: Markets or government.Ecological Economics,53,339-351.
  31. Easterly, W.(2001).The Elusive Quest for Growth: Economists` Adventures and Misadventures in the Tropics.Cambridge, Massachusetts:The MIT Press.
  32. Ferraro, P. J.(2001).Global habitat protection: Limitations of development interventions and a role for Conservation Performance Payments.Conservation Biology,15(4),990-1000.
  33. Ferraro, P. J.,Kiss, A.(2002).Direct payments to conserve biodiversity.Science,298,1718-1719.
  34. Ferraro, P. J.,Simpson, R. D.(2005).Protecting forests and biodiversity: Are investments in eco-friendly production activities the best way to protect endangered ecosystems and enhance rural livelihoods.Forests, Trees and Livelihoods,15,167-181.
  35. Freese, C. H.(1998).Wild Species as Commodities: Managing Markets and Ecosystems for Sustainability.Washington, D.C.:Island Press.
  36. Fukuyama, F.(2004).State-Building: Governance and World Order in the 21st Century.Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press.
  37. Geist, V.(1994).Wildlife conservation as wealth.Nature,368,491-492.
  38. Ghimire, K. B.,Pimbert, M. P.(Eds.)(1997).Social Change and Conservation: Environmental Politics and Impacts of National Parks and Protected Areas.London, UK:Earthscan.
  39. Godoy, R.,Reyes-García, V.,Byron, E.,Leonard, W. R.,Vadez, V.(2005).The effect of market economies on the well-being of indigenous peoples and on their use of renewable natural resources.Annual Review of Anthropology,34,121-138.
  40. Gordon, H. S.(1954).The economic theory of a common property resource: The fishery.Journal of Political Economy,62,124-142.
  41. Gordon, I. J.,Hester, A. J.,Festa-Bianchet, M.(2004).The management of wild large herbivores to meet economic, conservation and environmental objectives.Journal of Applied Ecology,41,1021-1031.
  42. Grieg-Gran, M.,Porras, I.,Wunder, S.(2005).How can market mechanisms for forest environmental services help the poor? Preliminary lessons from Latin America.World Development,33(9),1511-1527.
  43. Gullison, R. E.,Rice, R. E.,Blundell, A. G.(2000).'Marketing' species conservation.Nature,404,923-924.
  44. H. H. Roth,G. Merz(Eds.)(1997).Wildlife Resources: A Global Account of Economic Use.Heidelberg:Springer Verlag.
  45. Hardin, G.(1968).The tragedy of the commons.Science,162,1243-1248.
  46. Honey, M.(1999).Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise.Washington, DC:Island Press.
  47. Hurt, R.,Ravn, P.,H. H. T.Prins,J. G.. Grootenhuis,T. T. Dolan(Eds.)(2000).Wildlife Conservation by Sustainable Use.Netherlands:Kluwer Academic.
  48. Hutton, J. M.,Leader-Williams, N.(2003).Sustainable use and incentive-driven conservation: Realigning human and conservation interests.Oryx,37(2),215-226.
  49. Infield, M.(2001).Cultural values: a forgotten strategy for building community support for protected areas in Africa.Conservation Biology,15(3),800-802.
  50. Infield, M.,Namara, A.(2001).Community attitudes and behavior towards conservation: An assessment of a community conservation programme around Lake Mburo Park, Uganda.Oryx,35(1),48-60.
  51. IUCN/UNEP/WWF(1991).Caring for the Earth: A strategy for Sustainable Living.Gland, Switzerland:IUCN.
  52. IUCN/UNEP/WWF(1980).World Conservation Strategy: Living Resource Conservation for Sustainable Development.Gland, Switzerland:IUCN.
  53. Iversen, V.,Chhetry, B.,Francis, P.,Gurung, M.,Kafle, G.,Pain, A.,Seeley, J.(2006).High value forests, hidden economies and elite capture: evidence from forest user groups in Nepal`s Terai.Ecological Economics,58,93-107.
  54. J. Robinson,E. Bennett(Eds.)(2000).Hunting for Sustainability in Tropical Forests.New York:Columbia University Press.
  55. K. B. Ghimire,M. P. Pimbert(Eds.)(1997).Social Change and Conservation: Environmental politics and Impacts of National Parks and Protected Areas.London, UK:Earthscan.
  56. Kellert, S.,Mehta, J.,Ebbin, S.,Lichtenfeld, L.(2000).Community natural resource management: Promise, rhetoric, and reality.Society & Natural Resources,13,705-715.
  57. Kramer, R.,Van Schaik, C.,Johnson, J. (Eds.)(1997).Last Stand: Protected Areas and the Defense of Tropical Biodiversity.New York:Oxford University Press.
  58. Kremen, C.,Niles, J. O.,Dalton, M. G.,Daily, G. C.,Ehrlich, P. R.,Fay, J. P.,Grewal, D.,Guillery, R. P.(2000).Economic incentives for rain forest conservation across scales.Science,288(5472),1828-1832.
  59. Krüger, O.(2005).The role of ecotourism in conservation: Panaces or Pandora`s box.Biodiversity and Conservation,14,579-600.
  60. Langholz, J.(1999).Exploring the effects of alternative income opportunities on rainforest use: Insights from Guatemala`s Maya Biosphere Reserve.Society & Natural Resources,12,139-149.
  61. Ludwig, D.,Hilborn, R.,Walters, C.(1993).Uncertainty, resource exploitation and conservation: Lessons from history.Science,260,17-36.
  62. Lybbert, T. J.,Barrett, C. B.,Narjisse, H.(2002).Market-based conservation and local benefits: The case of argan oil in Morocco.Ecological Economics,41(1),125-144.
  63. Madzudzo, E.(1999).A case Study of Makhulelea II village, Bulilimamangwe District.Harare:WWF Regional Office for Southern Africa.
  64. McNeely, J.(1988).Economics and Biological Diversity: Developing and Using Economic Incentives to Conserve Biological Resources.Gland, Switzerland:IUCN.
  65. McNeely, J.,Miller, K. R.,Reid, W. V.,Mittermeier, R. A.,Werner, T. B.(1990).Conserving the World`s Biological Diversity.Gland, Switzerland:IUCN.
  66. Merino, L.,Robinson, J.(Eds.)(2005).Managing the Commons: Payments for Environmental Services.CSMSS:The Christensen Fund, Ford Foundation, SEMARNAT, INE.
  67. Newmark, W. D.,Hough, J. L.(2000).Conserving wildlife in Africa: Integrated conservation and development projects and beyond.BioScience,50(7),585-592.
  68. North, D.(1990).Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance.New York:Cambridge University Press.
  69. Noss, A. J.(1997).Challenges to nature conservation with community development in central African forests.Oryx,31(3),180-188.
  70. Noss, R. F.(1991).Sustainability and wilderness.Conservation Biology,5,120-122.
  71. Oates, J. F.(1999).Myth and Reality in the Rain Forest: How Conservation Strategies are Failing in West Africa.Berkeley, CA:University of California Press.
  72. OECD(1997).Environmental Taxes and Green Tax Reform.Paris:OECD.
  73. Ostrom, E.(1990).Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action.New York:Cambridge University Press.
  74. Ostrom, E.(2005).Understanding Institutional Diversity.Princeton, New Jersey:Princeton University Press.
  75. Ostrom, E.,Dietz, T.,Dolsak, N.,Stern, P.,Stonich, S.,Weber, E. U.(Eds.)(2002).The Drama of the Commons.Washington, DC:National Academy Press.
  76. Pagiola, S.,Arcenas, A.,Platais, G.(2005).Can payments for environmental services help reduce poverty? An exploration of the issues and the evidence to date from Latin America.World Development,33(2),237-253.
  77. Pearce, D.(2001).The economic value of forest ecosystems.Ecosystem Health,7(4),284-296.
  78. Platteau, J.(2004).Monitoring elite capture in community-driven development.Development and Change,35(2),223-246.
  79. Platteau, J.,Gaspart, F.(2003).The risk of resource misappropriation in community-driven development.World Development,31(10),1687-1703.
  80. Prescott-Allen, R.,Prescott-Allen, C.(Eds.)(1996).Assessing the Sustainability of Uses of Wild Species-Case Studies and Initial Assessment Procedure.Gland, Switzerland:IUCN.
  81. Pretty, J.,Smith, D.(2004).Social capital in biodiversity conservation and management.Conservation Biology,18(3),631-638.
  82. Pretty, J.,Ward, H.(2001).Social capital and the environment.World Development,29(2),209-227.
  83. Prins, H. H. T.,Grootenhuis, J. G.,Dolan, T. T.(Eds.)(2000).Wildlife Conservation by Sustainable use.Netherlands:Kluwer Academic.
  84. Quiggin, J.(1993).Common property, equity, and development.World Development,21(7),1123-1138.
  85. Raymond, L.(2006).Cooperation without trust: overcoming collective action barriers to Endangered Species Protection.The Policy Studies Journal,34(1),37-57.
  86. Richards, M.(2000).Can sustainable tropical forestry be made profitable? The potential and limitations of innovative incentive mechanisms.World Development,28(6),1001-1016.
  87. Robinson, J. G.(1993).The limits to caring: Sustainable living and the loss of biodiversity.Conservation Biology,7(1),20-28.
  88. Robinson, J.,Bennett, E.(Eds.)(2000).Hunting for Sustainability in Tropical Forests.New York:Columbia University Press.
  89. Roe, D.,Leader-Williams, N.,Dalal-clayton, D. B.(1997).Take Only Photographs, Leave Only Footprints: The Environmental Impacts of Wildlife Tourism.London, UK:International Institute for Environment and Development.
  90. Rosendo, S.,Brown, K.(2004).The Limits to Integration: Critical Issues in Integrated Conservation and Development.Paper presented at "The Commons in an age of Global Transition: Challenges, Risks and Opportunities", the Tenth Conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property,Oaxaca, Mexico:
  91. Ross, M. L.(2001).Timber Booms and Institutional Breakdown in Southeast Asia.Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press.
  92. Salafsky, N.,Cauley, H.,Balachander, G.,Cordes, B.,Parks, J.,Margoluis, C.,Bhatt, S.,Encarnacion, C.,Russell, D.,Margoluis, R.(2001).A systematic test of an enterprise strategy for community-based biodiversity conservation.Conservation Biology,15(6),1585-1595.
  93. Shackleton, C. M.(2001).Re-examining local and market-orientated use of wild species for the conservation of biodiversity.Environmental Conservation,28(3),270-278.
  94. Shogren, J. F.,Tschirhart, J.,Anderson, T.,Ando, A. W.,Beissinger, S. R.,Brookshire, D.,Brown, G. M.,Coursey, D.,Innes, R.,Meyer, S. M.,Polasky, S.(2001).Why economics matters for endangered species protection.Conservation Biology,13(69),1257-1261.
  95. Southgate, D.(1998).Tropical Forest Conservation: An Economic Assessment of the Alternatives in Latin America.New York:Oxford University Press.
  96. Stiglitz, J. E.(2006).Making Globalization Work.New York:W. W. Norton.
  97. Struhsaker, T. T.(1998).A biologist`s perspective on the role of sustainable harvest in conservation.Conservation Biology,12(4),930-932.
  98. Swanson, T. M.(1994).The International Regulation of Extinction.London, UK:Macmillan.
  99. Swanson, T. M.,Barbier, E. D.(Eds.)(1992).Economics for the Wilds: Wildlife, Wildlands, Diversity and Development.London, UK:Earthscan.
  100. Tai, H. S.(2007).Development through conservation: An institutional analysis of indigenous community-based conservation in Taiwan.World Development,35(7),1186-1203.
  101. Tang, C. P.,Tang, S. Y.(2001).Negotiated autonomy: Transforming self-governing institutions for local common-pool resources in two tribal villages in Taiwan.Human Ecology,29(1),49-67.
  102. Theesfeld, I.(2004).Constraints on collective action in a transitional economy: The case of Bulgaria`s irrigation sector.World Development,32(2),251-271.
  103. Tisdell, C.,Wilson, C.(2002).Ecotourism for the survival of sea turtles and other wildlife.Biodiversity and Conservation,11,1521-1538.
  104. Trawick, P. B.(2001).Successfully governing the commons: Principles of social organization in an Andean irrigation system.Human Ecology,29(1),1-25.
  105. Wells, M. P.(1992).Biodiversity conservation, affluence and poverty: Mismatched costs and benefits and efforts to remedy them.Ambio,21,237-243.
  106. Wells, M. P.,McShane, T. O.(2004).Integrating protected area management with local needs and aspirations.Ambio,33(8),513-519.
  107. Wells, M.,Guggenheim, S.,Khan, K.,Wardojo, W.,Jepson, P.(1999).Investing in Biodiversity: A Review of Indonesia`s Integrated Conservation and Development Projects.Washington, DC:World Bank.
  108. Western, D.,Wright, M.(Eds.)(1994).Natural Connections: Perspectives in Community-Based Conservation.Washington, DC:Island Press.
  109. Wilshusen, P. R.,Brechin, S. R.,Fortwangler, C. L.,West, P. C.(2002).Reinventing a square wheel: Critique of a resurgent "Protection Paradigm" in international biodiversity conservation.Society & Natural Resources,15,17-40.
  110. Wittmer, H.,L. Merino,J. Robinson(Eds.)(2005).Managing the Commons: Payments for Environmental Services.The Christensen Fund, Ford Foundation, SEMARNAT, INE:CSMSS.
  111. Wunder, S.(2000).Ecotourism and economic incentives-An empirical approach.Ecological Economics,32,465-479.
  112. Wunder, S.(2001).Poverty alleviation and tropical forests-What scope for synergies?.World Development,29(11),1817-1833.
  113. Zhang, D.,Flick, W. A.(2001).Sticks, carrots, and reforestation investment.Land Economics,77(3),443-456.
  114. 洪廣冀、林俊強(2004)。觀光地景、部落與家—從新竹司馬庫斯部落的觀光發展探討文化與共享資源的管理。地理學報，37，51-97。
  115. 黃躍雯、王鑫、黃宗成(2001)。台灣原住民部落發展生態旅遊的概念架構與實踐方針。國家公園學報，11(2)，192-212。
  116. 盧道杰(2004)。台灣社區保育的發展—近年來國內三個個案的分析。地理學報，37，1-25。
  117. 盧道杰(2001)。分權、參與與保護區經營管理－以宜蘭無尾港與高雄三民楠梓仙溪野生動物保護區爲例。地理學報，30，101-124。
  118. 蕭代基、葉淑琦譯(1998)。綠色稅制改革：OECD最新環境稅報告。台北:台灣地球日出版社。
  119. 環保署(2006)。九十五年版環境白皮書。台北:中華民國行政院環境保護署。
被引用次数
  1. 戴興盛、莊武龍(2009)。誘因排擠與社區保育集體行動臺灣東部兩個案例之比較研究。地理學報，56，17-38。
print cancel