從生態素養到生態智慧

From Ecological Literacy to Ecological Intelligence

10.6555/JEER.8.1.043

郭實渝(Shih-Yu Kuo)

生態素養 ； 生態智慧 ； 環境主義 ； 自然哲學 ； ecological literacy ； ecological intelligence ； environmentalism ； philosophy of nature

環境教育研究

8卷1期（2010 / 10 / 01）

43 - 62

繁體中文

Orr的生態素養觀點，建立了對生態環境及人與環境關係的教育，不論是在建構永續生存環境的理念及了解，還是環境的永續條件，都成為培育生態素養的指標。13年後，McCallum的生態智慧在同一個理想下，更強調由個人生命內在發出對環境、自然，以及個人情感上的生態體認，不但以理性思考取得資訊，更能將它們融入個人用心的感受、接受與想像。目前對環境的思考及環境教育的實施仍在理性了解與理論建構的情況下，即使能傳承生態文化，仍無法以整個人的生命去體會、認識，甚至想像。本文循著此線索，論述今日的環境思考的方向，已經不能只掌握單方面，或走向極端的民間運動，如環境主義運動，以及只吸收資訊的純粹理性思考，而需要全面的、中肯的，以及發自內心的環境體認。筆者由三方面討論目前環境哲學的思考方向：(1)往向全面的反省，不再是單方向的主張，而是全面的考量；(2)不是極端的兩方面立場的論述，而是中間、持平的論述，特別是在哲學面的；(3)上述兩方面的思考應該歸結到個人生態智慧的培養，不是只彙集資訊、瞭解資訊甚至知識的累積而已，而是培養生態智慧；不僅培養生態素養，而且需要增加生態智慧的體認。

When Orr introduced the concept of ecological literacy, it became a guide for environmental education. In recent years, McCallum has used ecological intelligence to expand Orr's ideas to include the interactive relationship between human beings and their environment. Not only do humans understand nature by rational thinking and information gathering, but also by harmoniously blending into natural processes by accepting, feeling and imagining a connection to nature. Following this lead, the purpose of this article is threefold. First, the environmental movement has doubts about its effectiveness and is concerned about its future impact, I will argue the reason might be that environmental movements tend to focus on single issues; for instance, the recent single-mindedness on global warming. Second, environmentalists go to somewhat extreme measures in their explanations of environmental issues, with the intention of making a strong impression on the public. We need philosophical discourses on our ecological situation. Third, there is a belief that both of the aforementioned issues may be solved by logical thinking and objective philosophical studies. However, I would argue that this approach is not enough. My conclusions include (1) environmental movements should not focus on a single issue; (2) environmental discourses should take on fair and unbiased viewpoints, especially with philosophical consideration; and (3) we need to cultivate our ecological intelligence. Thus, our environmental education should involve the ecological literacy advocated by Orr, as well as the ecological intelligence as described by McCallum..

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