臺灣基本工資調升對薪資不均之影響－2012－2019實證

THE IMPACT OF MINIMUM WAGE ON WAGE INEQUALITY IN TAIWAN: EVIDENCE FROM 2012-2019

黃芳玫(Fung-Mey Huang)；邵紫婷(Zi-Ting Shao)

基本工資 ； 薪資不均 ； 有效基本工資 ； Minimum wage ； Wage inequality ； Kernel density estimation

臺灣經濟預測與政策

53卷1期（2022 / 10 / 01）

1 - 40

繁體中文

臺灣2012至2019年名目基本工資逐年調升，實質基本工資逐年靠近第50百分位數薪資水準，薪資分配底端（lower tail）的薪資不均度逐年下降，本研究探討此期間基本工資調漲對薪資分配底端薪資不均度下降之影響。薪資不均度之衡量為log各百分位數薪資水準與log第50百分位數薪資水準（薪資中位數）之差距。本研究參考Lee（1999）之模型，利用有效基本工資（log基本工資與log薪資修剪均數（trimmed mean）之差距）之跨縣市變動，認定（identify）基本工資對薪資不均之影響。估計結果顯示臺灣2012年至2019年期間基本工資逐年調升，幾乎解釋了所有第10百分位數薪資不均度之下降，基本工資每調升5％，薪資第10百分位數薪資不均度顯著下降2.685％，同時，基本工資亦顯著影響薪資第20、30、40百分位數薪資不均，此影響隨百分位數的提高而減少；相對地，基本工資對薪資第60至90百分位數（高所得）薪資不均度並無顯著之影響，此驗證了Lee（1999）模型之認定假設（identification assumptions）適用於臺灣薪資分配資料之分析。

During 2012-2019, minimum wages in Taiwan were raised annually and the wage inequality of the bottom half of the wage distribution decreased substantially. This study investigates the association between the raising of the minimum wage and the decrease in lower-tail wage inequality in Taiwan by using the data of the Manpower Utilization Survey of DGBAS (Taiwan). The wage inequality is measured as the difference between the log of the p^(th) percentile wage and the log of the 50^(th) percentile wage in the wage distribution. This study uses the cross-county variation in effective minimum wage to identify the impact of minimum wage on wage inequality. The results show that the raising of the minimum wage during 2012-2019 accounts for the entire drop in the 10^(th) percentile wage inequality. As minimum wage was raised 5%, the 10^(th) percentile wage inequality dropped 2.685% accordingly. Meanwhile, the raising of the minimum wage was significantly associated with decreases in the 20^(th) to 40^(th) percentile wage inequality with decreasing rates. In constrast, minimum wages show insignificant impact on the 60^(th) to 90^(th) percentile wage inequality, which justifies the identification assumption used in this study.

1. 江豐富, F.-F.(2006)。外勞引進對本國勞工失業、職業選擇及薪資之影響。臺灣經濟預測與政策，37(1)，69-111。
   連結：
2. 曹添旺, T.-W.,陳建良, C.-L.,陳隆華, L.-H.(2006)。國際化對臺灣製造業男性工資差異之影響。人文及社會科學集刊，18(2)，343-383。
   連結：
3. 許碧峰, P.-F.(2004)。臺灣大專教育溢酬、性別薪資差異與勞動者未觀察到能力報酬之變化。經濟論文叢刊，32(2)，267-291。
   連結：
4. 陳禮潭, L.-T.(2002)。基本工資制度對工資結構變遷之影響—臺灣實證研究。經濟論文叢刊，30(3)，383-420。
   連結：
5. 黃芳玫, F.-M.(2011)。臺灣人力資本與薪資不均之研究。臺灣經濟預測與政策，42(1)，1-37。
   連結：
6. 黃芳玫, F.-M.,周思廷, S.-T.(2022)。基本工資調升對臺灣勞工就業之影響—2013–2018 年之實證。人文及社會科學集刊
   連結：
7. 鄭保志, P. C. R.(2004)。教育擴張與工資不均度: 臺灣男性全職受僱者之年群分析。經濟論文叢刊，32(2)，233-265。
   連結：
8. Acemoglu, D.(2002).Technical Change, Inequality, and the Labor Market.Journal of Economic Literature,40(1),7-72.
9. Acemoglu, D.,Autor, D. H.(2011).Skills, Tasks and Technologies: Implications for Employment and Earnings.Handbook of Labor Economics,Amsterdam:
10. Autor, D. H.,Katz, L. F.,Kearney, M. S.(2008).Trends in U.S. Wage Inequality: Revising the Revisionists.Review of Economics and Statistics,90(2),300-323.
11. Autor, D. H.,Katz, L. F.,Krueger, A. B.(1998).Computing Inequality: Have ComputersChanged the Labor Market?.Quarterly Journal of Economic,113(4),1169-1213.
12. Autor, D. H.,Manning, A.,Smith, C. L.(2016).The Contribution of the Minimum Wage to Us Wage Inequality over Three Decades: A Reassessment.American Economic Journal: Applied Economics,8(1),58-99.
13. Bosch, M.,Manacorda, M.(2010).Minimum Wages and Earnings Inequality in Urban Mexico.American Economic Journal: Applied Economics,2(4),128-149.
14. Bound, J.,Johnson, G.(1992).Changes in the Structure of Wages in the 1980’s: AnEvaluation of Alternative Explanations.American Economic Review,82(3),371-392.
15. Card, D.,DiNardo, J. E.(2002).Skill-Biased Technological Change and Rising Wage Inequality: Some Problems and Puzzles.Journal of Labor Economics,20(4),733-783.
16. DiNardo, J.,Fortin, N. M.,Lemieux, T.(1995).Labor Market Institutions and the Distribution of Wages, 1973–1992: A Semiparametric Approach.Econometrica,64,1001-1144.
17. Freeman, R. B.(1979).The Effect of Demographic Factors on the Age-Earnings Profile.Journal of Human Resources,14(3),289-318.
18. Johnson, G. E.(1997).Changes in Earnings Inequality: The Role of Demand Shifts.Journal of Economic Perspectives,11(2),41-54.
19. Juhn, C.,Murphy, K. M.,Pierce, B.(1993).Wage Inequality and the Rise in Returns to Skill.Journal of Political Economy,101(3),410-442.
20. Katz, L. F.,Autor, D. H.(1999).Changes in the Wage Structure and Earnings Inequality.Handbook of Labor Economics,Amsterdam:
21. Katz, L. F.,Murphy, K. M.(1992).Changes in Relative Wages, 1963–1987: Supply and Demand Factors.Quarterly Journal of Economics,107(1),35-78.
22. Krueger, D.,Perri, F.(2003).On the Welfare Consequences of the Increase in Inequality in the United States.National Bureau of Economic Research: Macroeconomics Annual,18,83-121.
23. Lee, D. S.(1999).Wage Inequality in the United States During the 1980s: Rising Dispersion or Falling Minimum Wage?.Quarterly Journal of Economics,114(3),977-1023.
24. Lee, J.-W.,Wie, D.(2013).Technological Change, Skill Demand, and Wage Inequality in Indonesia.World Development,67,238-250.
25. Lemieux, T.(2006).Increased Residual Wage Inequality: Composition Effects, Noisy Data, or Rising Demand for Skill?.American Economic Review,96(3),461-498.
26. Murphy, K. M.,Welch, F.(1992).The Structure of Wages.Quarterly Journal of Economics,107(1),285-326.
27. Welch, F.(1979).Effects of Cohort Size on Earnings: The Baby Boom Babies’ Financial Bust.Journal of Political Economy,87(5),S65-S97.
28. Western, B.,Rosenfeld, J.(2011).Unions, Norms, and the Rise in Us Wage Inequality.American Sociological Review,76(4),513-537.

1. 黃芳玫,周思廷(2023)。基本工資調升對臺灣勞工就業之影響：2013－2018年之實證。人文及社會科學集刊，35(3)，445-479。